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Terms, abbreviations and abbreviations used in international container transport. See what “ISP” is in other dictionaries Calculation of axle load for road freight transport

In order to ensure the integration of regional scientific networks and networks of large scientific centers created within the framework of RFBR projects into the global network infrastructure Internet, as well as in order to reduce the costs of these projects to provide interregional and international traffic, in 1995 an access point and a routing node were organized, and an international terrestrial digital channel (64 Kbit/s) was put into operation.

Access of regional scientific networks to the international communication channel and their exchange of traffic with the main Russian networks is provided by a routing node. The diagram of a typical RFBR routing node is shown in Fig. 18.10.


Rice. 18.10.

Along with the regional networks indicated in the diagram, 25 Moscow organizations are connected to the routing center, including the Russian State Library (RSL) and the State Public Scientific and Technical Library (SPNTL).

The routing center includes equipment from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, as well as equipment provided by the Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Voronezh State Technical University, Yaroslavl State University and ChSTU and acquired as part of projects carried out in these organizations.

The RFBR routing node has direct connections (10 Mbit/s) with the Russian network traffic exchange center M9-IX and with YUMOS, through which traffic is exchanged with more than 20 Russian scientific and public networks.

In 1996-97 the routing center and the international channel of the Russian Federal Property Fund were used by 17 regional networks in Moscow, Vladikavkaz, Vologda, Voronezh, Korolev, Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Penza, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Kazan, Kemerovo, Ufa, Tver, Chernogolovka, Yaroslavl.

MSK-IX (Moscow Center for Interaction of Computer Networks Internet eXchange)

The autonomous non-profit organization "Computer Network Interaction Center "MCK-IX" (Russian Internet traffic exchange point) was established by the Russian Research Institute for the Development of Public Networks (RosNIIROS) in 2001 with the aim of developing the Moscow Internet Exchange project.

MSK-IX organized in 1995. Starting from a single node organized at the Moscow International Telephone Exchange MMTS-9, today the Moscow Internet Exchange is a reliable, distributed system that includes ten peer points united by a high-speed backbone. Thanks to the distributed structure MSK-IX opportunities for Moscow and regional providers to connect to the IP traffic exchange system, as well as to receive high-speed transit between nodes, are significantly expanded MSK-IX.

More than 80% of Runet is connected through M9. Most telecommunication channels connecting Russia with the world also pass through MMTS No. 9.

Net MSK-IX has 10 access nodes connected by a high-speed backbone, which ensures high quality and availability of services MSK-IX at points of concentration of telecommunications resources, including M9, M10, KIAEHOUSE and a number of other technological sites in Moscow.

MSK-IX is one of the largest European Internet Exchanges in terms of the number of connected operators and is a member of the Association of International Traffic Exchange Networks - European Internet Exchange Association (Euro-IX).

Project MSK-IX began at the end of 1994, when Moscow Internet providers Demos, Relcom, MSU, SINP MSU, FREEnet, RELARN Association, Rosprint came to an agreement to create a point for mutual exchange of IP traffic. This agreement was caused by the desire of providers to exchange their traffic with each other directly, optimizing traffic routes, which significantly reduced both the transmission time of network data packets and the load on expensive international communication channels.

Initially, the international telephone exchange MMTS-9, or M9, was chosen as the traffic exchange point, in which all Internet providers had points of presence, since all international and long-distance communication channels came to M9. The coordination of MSK-IX was entrusted to the Russian Research Institute for the Development of Public Networks (RosNIIROS).

In 2002, MSK-IX was modernized. The Moscow Internet Exchange has become distributed, including 10 points connected by fiber-optic cable using technology Gigabit Ethernet:

  • OJSC "Central Telegraph";
  • Institute of Space Research RAS;
  • RRC "Kurchatov Institute";
  • Cable & Wireless CIS Svyaz Ltd.;
  • Central communication station of Russian Railways;
  • State Enterprise "Space Communications";
  • MMTS 9 and MMTS 10;
  • Enterprises Sonera Rus and WideXs.

In December 2004, the Russian universal communications operator Corbina Telecom began implementing the Internet 2 project in Moscow, one of the distinctive features of which is the use data transfer protocol IPv6.

Internet services

How the Internet is used is determined by the services provided to visitors, which include traditional, special and new types of services.

Traditional types of services include:

  • electronic mail (e-mail);
  • teleconferences(news);
  • live communication ( chat);
  • use of computer computing and information resources in mode remote terminal(telnet);
  • file storage, search and forwarding service - FTP (File Transfer Protocol);
  • WWW (World Wide Web) is the World Wide Web (it included 130 host computers in July 1993, and 230,000 in June 1996).

Special service tools include:

  • Information system Gopher;
  • Information system WAIS, conducting a search by keywords,
  • WWW search engines;
  • bibliographic (dispatching) systems;
  • Archie- FTP search engine;
  • and etc.

New types of services include:

  • systems for ordering goods online (flowers, pizza, air tickets, hotel room, etc.);
  • library systems,
  • electronic editions of newspapers and magazines, blogs;
  • service representatives of companies,
  • commercial information systems for producers of goods and services, stock quotes on stock exchanges;
  • and etc.

Everyone working on the Internet can be divided into two groups: those who provide various Internet services (Internet providers), and those who use these services (Internet users).

Learning to use the Internet mainly comes down to a general familiarization with the structure of the Internet, the services provided, addressing resources, searching for information on the WWW service and the basics of working with e-mail.

Internet providers are divided into three groups based on the services they provide:

  • providers providing Internet access - ISP (Internet Service Providers). Examples include http://www.rol.ru, http://www.mtu.ru, etc.;
  • providers providing Internet presence services - IPP (Internet Presence Providers), examples of which are http://www.mail.ru, http://www.narod.ru, etc. The services they provide include an electronic mailbox and mail services, hosting the client’s website on the provider’s computer, various search engines , news, etc.;
  • publishers of their own materials - PCP (Private Content Publisher) that contain (i.e. develop and operate) their information systems (for example, http://www.garant.ru, http://www.rbc.ru, etc.), electronic stores, advertising agencies, travel companies, etc.

ISP (Internet Service Provider)

ISP is an Internet service provider, i.e. organizations or individuals providing access to Internet (hosting). Source of income ISP are the owners of local computers who are granted access to this global computer network. Through existing gateways, local users can access other global networks and thus be able to work on the Internet.

ISP are constantly connected to the Internet and have a permanent IP address (the IP address is part of the URL). Other users (clients) can connect to ISP only for the duration of work. An IP address is assigned to them ISP every time you connect, and every time you disconnect, it is taken away and can be given to someone else. ISP often provides its clients with remote access via dial-up telephone lines (this is called "dual-up service"). For this ISP rents telephone numbers from the local telephone company where he can be reached.

ISP sometimes it can provide (delegate) hosting functions to local computers (which at the same time receive their own permanent IP address), for example, at home or at work, and thus turn the local computer into ISP lower level. In turn, the local host computer can delegate such rights to another local computer, which becomes the host provider (i.e. ISP) at an even lower level (if, of course, it has access to communication channels - for example, through a private telephone exchange). A chain of providers is formed, differing in their IP addresses: mesi.ru; ex. mesi.ru; stud.ex. mesi.ru etc.

Well-known Internet service providers are, for example, mtu.ru and rol.ru.

IPP (Internet Presence Provider)

IPP is a provider that provides its clients with a presence on the Internet. It is also constantly connected to the Internet and has a permanent IP address. Unlike ISP, it does not provide dual-up service. He can only host publications of others, advertisements, websites, organize e-mail, etc. on his servers.

IPP after registering on their website, they provide a name that will be the name of your mailbox (e-mail), and in addition - the name of your website, which is hosted on the provider’s computer.

For example, after registering on mail.ru, you are provided with a mailbox [email protected]. Your website address will be: http://www.mail.ru/~name.

This site name does not satisfy many users. For the provider http://www.narod.ru, the site name looks different: http://www.name.narod.ru. It turns out that your site has a name in a third-level domain, and not somewhere among the directories IPP. It looks more solid, it looks like you have your own computer with a permanent IP address.

Well-known Internet presence providers are:

  • http://www.mail.ru;
  • http://www.yandex.ru;
  • http://www.narod.ru;
  • http://www.rambler.ru and others.

PCP (Private Content Publisher)

PCP is a publisher of proprietary materials. He is a participant in the internetwork exchange (service provider) who prepares information for posting on the Internet, places it, as a rule, on his computers and constantly updates it. Under certain conditions, he allows clients coming from the Internet to use his materials.

This type of provider is very careful about his information, about the health of his computer, and from him you can always get the most reliable, constantly updated data on his chosen specialty.

An example of this type of provider is http://www.garant.ru (legal documents).

Unlike ISP, it does not provide dual-up service. Training of Internet providers involves studying such disciplines as:

  • general course on working on the Internet;
  • technical support global computer networks;
  • programming on special algorithmic languages;
  • operating systems for global computer networks;
  • global area network software;
  • Internet protocols;
  • tools for researching global computer networks;
  • WWW - client-side programming;
  • WWW - server-side programming;
  • website development;
  • Web design;
  • administration of nodes of global computer networks.

Characteristics of hosting providers

Placing websites on someone else's technical base is called hosting. Hosting can be paid or free.

With paid hosting, the list of services provided by the provider is specified:

  • the provider provides everything: channel, computer, URL, website maintenance, etc.;
  • the provider provides space for your computer, channel, URL, service, etc.;
  • etc.

With free hosting, the provider provides a URL, space on its magnetic media, and utility programs for creating and maintaining the site. But in return, it places its banner advertising on your website.

Hosting providers are characterized by:

    technical resources, which include computers, communication channels, routers, which determine such characteristics as response speed.

    Site response speed is a characteristic of the provider, which is related to the load of its channels. For example, a provider has access to the Internet, connecting via a radio channel to another provider that has a satellite connection. The channel may be overloaded, and it may take a long time to connect to the Internet through such a provider. The connection between local computers and the provider (telephone channel, number of telephones for connecting local computers, etc.) is also of great importance;

    provided services, which can be very specific. When choosing them, you need to understand what the service gives you and what is required of you to use it.

    For example, providing you with a provider’s computer and providing you with a site for installing your computer differ in that if you install your own computer at the provider, then none of the provider’s employees have the right to touch it (but the contract can stipulate that repairs to a failed computer are carried out by employees provider) is your computer, whereas if you are provided with a provider’s computer, it can be replaced with another without your consent;

    software resources of the provider: what operating system is used (80% of providers run on Unix), what software is used for the WWW service (most often - Apache server), what types of services are allowed and provided by the provider (for example, ftp and telnet are often prohibited).

    The provider's software resources are also characterized by the software provided to clients (compilers, interpreters, DBMS, pre-installed scripts, control interfaces (wizards and templates), etc.). This composition is very important for placing the created site with a hosting provider, since the provider may have a bad attitude towards the company’s products and may not support FrontPage designs and other extensions of the Windows operating system, and for the client this software is the main one;

    provider's security system: the presence of mirror servers and backup capacity is important to the user.

    A mirror server is a duplicate server that contains the same information as the main one. Such mirrors are needed to increase the reliability of the system and its throughput. Mirror servers can be installed in different parts of the world in order not to load global computer networks. They have the same name, but DNS services send visitors to the closest one.

    Reserve power is spare technical means that are in reserve (cold, warm, hot). If any computer fails, the provider switches work to a backup computer;

    a technical support service that provides assistance to customers and supplies customers with technical documentation on the services provided.

    ISP-abbrv. Internet service provider. The Essential Law Dictionary. Sphinx Publishing, An imprint of Sourcebooks, Inc. Amy Hackney Blackwell. 2008. ISP See... Law dictionary

    ISP- es el acrónimo en inglés de Internet Service Provider (Proveedor de Servicios de Internet), empresa dedicada a conectar a Internet la línea telefónica de los usuarios, redes distintas e independientes, ambas. Un ISP ofrece a los usuarios un… … Enciclopedia Universal

    ISP- abbreviation for Internet Service Provider * * * ISP UK US /ˌaɪesˈpiː/ noun [C] INTERNET ABBREVIATION for INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER(Cf. internet service provider) … Financial and business terms

    ISP- son unas siglas que pueden referirse a o significan: Instituto de Salud Pública, servicio público chileno. Proveedor de servicios de Internet, por el inglés Internet Service Provider. Impulso específico, un parámetro de los motores cohete. Esta... ... Wikipedia Español

    ISP- international safety programs. Nuclear energy terms. Rosenergoatom Concern, 2010 ... Nuclear energy terms

    ISP- , Internet Provider…Universal-Lexikon

    ISP/C- …Universal-Lexikon

    ISP- [ˌaı es ˈpi:] n Internet service provider a business that provides a connection to the Internet for people s computers … Dictionary of contemporary English

    ISP- [ ,aı es pi ] noun count Internet service provider: a company that provides a connection to the Internet ... Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

    ISP- (Internet Service Provider) company that provides Internet connection services through its equipment and communications lines (for a monthly fee or by amount of use) … English contemporary dictionary

    ISP- (izg. i ȅs pȇ) DEFINICIJA krat. int. naziv za tvrtku koja korisnicima nudi uslugu priključenja na Internet; davatelj internetskih usluga ETIMOLOGIJA engl. Internet Service Provider …Hrvatski jezični portal

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A microcontroller is a programmable type of microcircuit, on the basis of which you can assemble a circuit for any automatic device. Such a device can be a simple circuit with a blinking LED, or an automatic machine that performs complex calculations and controls other devices. The main element in both cases can be the same microcontroller; the difference will only be in the program written into it.
The availability of microcontrollers and the ease of writing your own programs for them make microcontrollers very tempting for assembling a wide variety of circuits. Previously, to change the functions of a device built on conventional logic chips, it was necessary to change the circuit itself, solder and solder parts, but now the design on a microcontroller usually only needs to be reprogrammed. Partly because of this ease of changing functions, microcontrollers quickly replaced devices built on many logic elements.
Programs for microcontrollers can be written in various programming languages ​​using special computer programs. The written and converted (compiled) program is transferred to the microcontroller using a programmer.
A programmer is an electronic device to which a microcontroller is connected, and a programmer is a computer program that controls the process of transferring a prepared program from a computer to a microcontroller.
The design with the microcontroller into which the firmware is flashed is called the target design or target circuit.

You can usually determine what exact meaning of the words “programmer” or “firmware” is used from the context. Next we will make sure that this is not so difficult.

Most programmer programs can be configured to work with different programmer adapter circuits. The programmer-adapter is connected to the computer through any input/output port. Currently, there are three most common options for connecting the programmer to a computer via any port:

Over the past few years, the parallel LPT printer port and the serial COM port have been replaced by the USB port. However, separate expansion boards for LPT and/or COM ports are still available. Such cards (“multiports”) can be additionally installed in an existing computer, but adding a COM or LPT port to a laptop is impossible or extremely difficult.


Rice. 1. USB-COM adapter.

At the same time, almost all modern computers and laptops have at least one USB port, and inexpensive USB-COM adapters are also common, which allow you to create the missing COM port on a computer with a USB port.

Programmer circuits for USB ports are often quite complex s for repetition by novice electronics engineers, and often contain a microcontroller, which also must first be flashed somehow, we can recommend a simple programmer circuit connected to a computer via a COM port or to USB via a USB-COM adapter. It is not possible to flash a microcontroller using existing USB-LPT adapters, since these adapters do not “emulate” an LPT port, but only control operation of the printer.
We must warn you that the program is loaded into the microcontroller via a USB-COM adapter dozens of times. O more than through a “normal” COM port and you have to put up with it.

Perhaps most beginners choose eight-bit AVR microcontrollers of the RISC architecture from ATMEL because of their flexibility, well-described application examples and low price. These microcontrollers, like many others, can be programmed via an ISP interface.

The ISP interface consists of five wires: MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET and GND. Connecting an ISP programmer allows you to program microcontrollers without (in most cases) removing the microcontroller itself from the circuit.

Among radio amateurs, there are many programming circuits for the serial COM port. Many of them are assembled on several transistors and zener diodes, and even on several resistors. The advantage of such schemes is their simplicity, but they also have an important drawback. The fact is that the RS-232 standard allows deviations in voltage levels at the COM port pins, and these deviations can vary greatly among different computer manufacturers, while still remaining within the permitted limits. Therefore, such a simple scheme that works on one computer may work intermittently on another or not work at all. It is also very inconvenient that the programmer, assembled according to the simplest scheme, must be connected and disconnected from the target structure each time for the duration of the firmware session.

The above disadvantages are shown in the diagram in Fig. 2. This is a programmer for a serial COM port on only two common chips: the RS232 driver chip MAX232 (or an analogue) and the logical chip 74LS240 (domestic analogue of K555AP3).
The MAX232 chip is a widely used four-channel driver (level converter) of the RS-232 interface (approximately minus 12 to plus 12 volts) to CMOS/TTL levels (5-volt logic level). The 74LS240 is a dual four-line inverting buffer with output resolution.


Rice. 2. myPROGGER scheme.


A programmer assembled according to this scheme has the following advantages.

Characteristics of ISP networks.

Purpose of ISP networks.

Networks are divided into two main types - local area networks (LAN) and wide area networks (WAN).

Internet service provider (ISP) networks belong to global networks. At the same time, in terms of the technologies used and the tasks solved, ISP networks are compatible with corporate networks. This allows us to consider ISP networks from the point of view of building corporate networks. Since the resources of such networks are distributed over vast geographical areas, such networks are called distributed.

In a global network, information exchange occurs between geographically distant areas. WAN channels are used to ensure the exchange of information between two remote workstations.

The exchange of certain types of information on a WAN is called a service or service.

An ideal ISP network should support services such as:

  • Voice over IP;
  • Video transmission (video conference).
  • Data transfer
  • Business applications and services.

The main tasks of the ISP network are:

  • Providing access to remote services and information resources to individuals and companies;
  • Creation of a unified information space for distributed company offices;
  • Support for corporate applications and services.

An ISP network is a complex system consisting of various media and data transmission technologies. To ensure the functionality of such a network, many protocols are required.

Modern backbone and edge switches can support global network technologies such as ATM, Frame Relay, MPLS. This allows you to combine networks of different types and reduce the cost of providing services using a small set of telecommunications devices.

Modern network equipment makes it possible to implement the technology of multiservice IP networks of the new generation, which widely support the division of traffic by quality of service (Quality of Service - QoS). This makes it possible to introduce new voice-over-IP and video-on-demand services. As a result, a unified network infrastructure is created for transmitting voice, data and video based on IP using ATM/FR (frame relay), Internet, IP VPN and Ethernet.

The efficiency of equipment and the expansion of the capabilities of communication media are constantly improving, but at the same time, designing distributed networks is becoming more difficult. Detailed design of a distributed network reduces the problems associated with their growth.

ISP network requirements:

· Multiservice – support for various types of traffic (transfer of data, voice, video, service information and protocols.

· Convergence – minimizing the time for updating routing information.

  • Reliability of information transmission;
  • Transmission security;
  • Scalability of the network and services provided;
  • Manageability of the corporate network.
  • Possibility of using new services and applications.

When developing a corporate network or an ISP network, the following tasks must be solved:

· Regulating the requirements for the network and the tasks solved by the network.

· Network structure and data transmission technology.

· Selection of network equipment.