Fuel consumption standards for diesel engines. Fuel consumption at idle speed. How much per hour is considered normal? How do gasoline or diesel fuel consumption calculators work?
Necessary. Calculation of fuel consumption of a diesel forklift.
Calculation of fuel consumption of a diesel forklift
When purchasing a diesel forklift, the client may be interested in the fuel consumption of the forklift. This is due to the fact that the loader must be put on the balance sheet, fuel must be written off in accordance with standards, and the cost of goods and work must be calculated. Manufacturers in the technical specifications of diesel forklifts show “specific fuel consumption,” which is measured in grams per unit of power (hp or kW).
It is possible to calculate the large theoretical fuel consumption using the formula:
N—engine power;
q—specific fuel consumption;
Q is the large theoretical fuel consumption in grams per 1 hour of engine operation at high power.
For example, if the technical specifications of the loader included the following parameters:
Rated engine power, kW. (hp), not less: 59 (80)
Specific fuel consumption g/kW. h (g/l.s.h) no more than: 265 (195)
then in 1 hour of operation the loader would consume 265 * 59 = 15635 grams of fuel.
When calculating actual fuel consumption. two amendments must be taken into account:
1. The loader engine does not work all the time at high speeds with high power,
2. In most cases, fuel is recorded in liters, not grams.
Based on this, to calculate the current fuel consumption of the forklift, use the improved formula:
Q = Nq/(1000*R*k1),
q—specific fuel consumption;
N - power, hp (kW);
R—density of diesel fuel (0.85 kg/dm3);
k1 is a coefficient characterizing the percentage of operating time at high engine speed;
Q - fuel consumption in liters per hour.
Since in practice the forklift is not loaded to its maximum during the shift, the engine of the forklift does not run at its own high power all the time, but the power varies depending on the load. This makes it necessary to apply a coefficient that would take into account the ratio of the engine operating time at high speeds to the engine operating time at minimum speeds. If there is no reliable data on the operation of the loader, it is assumed that out of 100% of the working time, only 30% of the machine works at high speeds, based on this, k1 will be equal to 70%: 30% = 2.33.
An example of calculating fuel consumption in liters per hour for the D3900 engine.
q=265 g/kWh;
N - 59 kW;
R -0.85 kg/dm3;
Q = N*q/(1000*R*k1) = 59*265:(1000*0.85*2.33)=7.9 l/hour.
Ultimately, theoretical calculations of diesel fuel consumption will always be slightly higher than in practice, because in real conditions the loader works less and the load on the engine is correspondingly less than in test conditions.
Heating a country house with diesel fuel is a profitable alternative heating option that is extremely popular among Russian consumers. One of the reasons for the increased demand is the low fuel consumption in a diesel heating boiler.
Diesel fuel heat generators are a good alternative to solid fuel and gas boiler equipment, of course, provided that the boiler is properly adjusted and operates without disturbances.
Reasons for increased consumption of a diesel boiler
The average fuel consumption per day when heating with a 10 kW diesel boiler is 1 kg/hour. A deviation from the norm of 5-10% is allowed.There are several reasons why a diesel heating boiler consumes a lot of fuel:
- Incorrectly adjusted burner– during combustion, it is not the diesel fuel itself that is burned, but the fuel-air mixture. Complete afterburning of fuel occurs only with the correct proportions of diesel fuel and air. If the settings of the burner device are not made correctly, a large percentage of underburn will remain, which leads to overconsumption.
- Thickening of diesel fuel– in diesel fuel, as the ambient temperature decreases, the viscosity increases. If the work on installing the fuel pump and diesel fuel storage tanks is carried out incorrectly, excess consumption is guaranteed.
- Nozzle or injectors have failed. When diesel fuel is burned, a torch of flame is created. The fire enters the combustion chamber under pressure, which leads to the fact that from time to time the nozzle burns out. The need to replace the nozzle is indicated by a sharp increase in diesel fuel consumption.
- Natural causes– during severe frosts, fuel costs increase by 15-20% and vice versa, during a relatively warm heating period, diesel fuel consumption decreases.
There are several reasons for increased consumption that are not directly related to the operation of the boiler. Heat loss occurs due to a poorly insulated pipeline through which heated coolant is supplied to the room, intensive use of the second hot water circuit, etc.
How to calculate the average daily consumption of diesel fuel in a boiler
A simple calculation of fuel consumption is performed according to the formula, 1 kg of fuel = 10 kW. It turns out that to obtain thermal energy of 10 kW (sufficient to heat a residential building of 100 m²), you need to spend 1 kg of diesel fuel. The average daily amount of fuel consumed by a diesel boiler will accordingly be 24 kg.The specific consumption rate in professional conditions is calculated depending on the power of the burner device. Calculation formula: 0.1 × burner capacity. Cost calculations are performed for the entire heating season.
They do this as follows:
- Within an hour, a 10 kW boiler consumes 1 kg of diesel fuel.
- 24 kg are consumed per day.
- The average heating season lasts 100 days, and half the time the boiler will operate at 50% capacity. As a result of calculations, the actual consumption is equal to 5000 liters of fuel per year.
Causes concern when the difference in fuel consumption increases beyond 20%. If the minimum flow rate for a 10 kW unit has become 1.25-1.5 l/hour, an analysis of the heating system is carried out in order to find the reason for the increased costs.
How to reduce diesel fuel consumption in a diesel boiler
The diesel fuel consumption of a heating boiler depends on many factors. Understanding the causes of energy consumption and eliminating them is the key to reducing the amount of fuel burned.You can reduce diesel fuel consumption in the boiler in the following ways:
- Adjust the burner - most often, problems arise when installation work is carried out independently or with the involvement of unqualified specialists. To adjust most types of burners, special software is required. The work reduces fuel costs by 10%.
- Installation of room temperature sensors and weather-dependent automation. Control over the operation of the boiler through microprocessor automation connected to sensors installed in the rooms of a residential building and on the street reduces the volume of burned diesel fuel by another 10-15%.
The controller takes into account the actual heat needs of the room and the ambient temperature, and selects the optimal power of the burner. Weather-compensating automation eliminates the effect of temperature on fuel consumption. - Eliminate errors made during installation. Containers with diesel fuel and a pump are well insulated. Installation of the storage facility is carried out exclusively in a heated room.
If a decision is made to construct underground storage facilities, the containers must be buried below the freezing level of the soil. The fuel line and heating system pipe (if it runs along the street or in the ground) are well insulated. - Select a heat generator equivalent to the heated area of the building. The relationship between power and energy consumption is especially obvious if you imagine the following ratio. To heat 200 m² of area, 48 kg of diesel fuel will be required, but when heating a smaller room (100 m²), there will be a significant overconsumption of at least 15%.
Diesel engines, with comparable load parameters, initially differ from gasoline engines in lower fuel consumption, as well as better dynamics of traction performance, developing maximum torque at lower speeds. This has contributed to the modern widespread use of diesel engines not only in tractors, trucks and special vehicles, but also in passenger cars. However, in cases where problems arise with increased diesel fuel consumption, the diesel engine loses all its efficiency. What could be the reasons for high fuel consumption and what to do in this case?
Some of the information presented in this article will also be valid for gasoline internal combustion engines. However, taking into account the characteristic features of the design of the diesel workflow system, first of all, it is focused on identifying the causes of overconsumption and ways to save diesel fuel.
The main indicator of the efficiency of any engine is specific fuel consumption. That is, the volume of fuel that is consumed by the equipment in 1 hour with a device power of 1 kW. Diesels are traditionally more economical than gasoline engines.
For diesel engines this value is 200-230 g, and for gasoline power units the same parameter is larger - 265-305 g. These are average values. In addition to them, there are a number of external and internal factors that directly affect the actual performance for a particular technique. Among the main ones are the following:
- the weight of the tractor or car (the more significant it is, the harder it will be for the motor to spin the transmission mechanism and the more energy will be needed for acceleration);
- air pressure in tires (reduced - leads to a significant decrease in the level of engine efficiency);
- air filter contamination level;
- long-term idle operation;
- aggressive driving style with sharp acceleration and deceleration, with excessive engine revs in low gears.
The main and obvious sign of increased diesel fuel consumption during engine operation is a significant difference between the fuel consumption values indicated in the documentation for the power unit and the actual values. In addition, high fuel consumption will most often be accompanied by uncharacteristic behavior of the engine during operation.
Signs of increased diesel fuel consumption
This is due to the fact that excess diesel fuel, when it enters the combustion chamber, is not burned efficiently and completely, and this always leads to a loss of power. The engine begins to “choke”, characteristic pops begin to be heard in the exhaust system due to the fact that the fuel begins to “burn out” already there. An additional, very often visible visual sign of increased fuel consumption on a diesel engine is excessive smoke, a very dark or black color of the exhaust gases emitted from the pipe.
The main reasons for increased fuel consumption on diesel engines and the simultaneous appearance of increased smoky exhaust include:
- The appearance of insufficient tightness of the power supply system.
The tightness of the power supply system for a diesel engine is of particular importance. In particular, air leaks in the inlet part of the system (from the fuel tank to the fuel priming pump) leads to malfunction of the fuel supply equipment. And the broken seal of the part of the system that is under pressure (from the fuel priming pump to the injectors) causes leakage and significant excess fuel consumption. A leak in the power system often occurs due to a violation of the tightness of the connections, due to natural wear or mechanical damage. Violations in the tightness of high-pressure fuel pipe connections are determined by a small output of diesel fuel at the places where the tubes are attached to the pump fittings and injectors when the engine is running.
- Clogged air and/or fuel filters.
This is a very common reason for increased fuel consumption on a diesel engine, which perhaps should even be placed first on the list of the main reasons for excessive consumption. Filters become clogged more quickly with regular use of equipment on dirt or gravel roads and off-road; when periodically using diesel fuel of questionable quality, with foreign impurities. However, the polluted air of especially busy roads in the cramped state of modern megacities also has a detrimental effect on the condition of air filters.
- Clogged fuel drain line.
If the fuel drain line (from the pump to the fuel tank) is clogged or deformed, this will also negatively affect diesel fuel consumption.
- Contamination or wear of injectors.
This is a more serious problem that requires repair or replacement of the injectors with new ones. When using low-quality fuel, these rather demanding devices become clogged very quickly, which leads to their damage in the future.
- Violation of the fuel injection advance angle depending on the rotation speed.
The amount of working fluid in the combustion chamber of the engine and its temperature depend on the rotational speed of the crankshaft - the speed of movement of the piston in the engine cylinder. As the crankshaft rotation speed increases, the absolute durations of ignition delays (in milliseconds) are reduced, but the relative durations in degrees of crankshaft rotation increase. We must not forget about such a moment as injection delay (the time between the start of fuel supply by the pump and the injection of fuel by the nozzle into the combustion chamber). The higher the crankshaft speed, the earlier fuel needs to be injected into the combustion chamber, and vice versa.
- Large gaps in the valve mechanism.
Correct clearances in the valve group are a necessary element that ensures the correct operation of the entire gas distribution mechanism of the engine as a whole. The size of thermal gaps can be 0.08...0.45 mm, and is standardized for each engine by its manufacturer. After the diesel engine has warmed up, all its operating parts are, to one degree or another, subject to thermal expansion, which depends both on the degree of heating and on the size of the parts, and on the coefficient of thermal expansion of the metal from which these parts are made. Most engine parts expand quite strongly, as they have a fairly serious coefficient of linear deformation of the metal from which they are made.
- Severe wear of the crank mechanism, due to which the engine power decreases.
Accordingly, in order to maintain it at the level required for work, the driver or machine operator will use the accelerator pedal more often and more energetically.
- Contamination of cylinders and piston rings.
In this case, as a rule, thick black smoke comes out of the chimney, plus excessive consumption of diesel fuel.
- Failure of the injection pump - high pressure fuel pump.
- Malfunctions in the electronics, leading to the fact that the sensors generate incorrect data, and the on-board computer, accordingly, normalizes the injection with errors.
- High degree of clutch wear.
- There is a violation in the regulation of the angle at which fuel injection advances in accordance with the rotation speed.
- Insufficient engine warm-up.
During the winter season, the coolant temperature drops below the required value, and because of this, the engine itself cannot reach the temperature necessary for full operation. In such a situation, the engine will use more fuel to warm up itself, which will affect the overall diesel consumption by about a ten percent increase.
- Unbalanced wheel alignment.
When the wheels are at different angles and in different directions, this causes much more resistance when driving and, accordingly, increases fuel consumption. Normal fuel consumption returns after the wheel alignment is adjusted.
- Aerodynamic obstacles of various kinds.
It could be anything that somehow causes increased resistance when driving. In particular, non-compliant tires, luggage racks and boxes, etc.
- Automatic gearbox.
The use of an automatic transmission is always and in any case fraught with increased fuel consumption compared to traditional “mechanics”.
In addition to the indicated high consumption and increased smoke, most of the above reasons can also lead to a deterioration in acceleration dynamics; to unstable operation of the power unit at idle; to certain problems with its launch.
- Do not forget about the particularly high demands of modern diesel engines on fuel quality.
Imported diesel engines have previously been very picky about the quality of diesel fuel. And now, with the widespread adoption of the Common Rail electronic injection system, even more so. In this regard, it is necessary to refuel only at well-known gas stations of proven and tested fuel suppliers. If there is a need to refuel at an unfamiliar gas station, then it is advisable to use special additives in this case.
- Ensure correct adjustment of fuel equipment settings.
A diesel engine is structurally more complex than a gasoline engine. Mixture formation and injection here are carried out using a fuel injection pump - a high-pressure fuel pump equipped with an electronic control system. With considerable age and operational wear of equipment, especially heavy, heavy-duty equipment, tuning is especially important, since natural imbalances arise; increasing gaps that reduce the quality of the mixture; violation of the injection advance angle.
In particular, the injection advance angle has different optimal values at different speeds: 3° – 800 rpm. (idling), 4° - 1000 rpm, 5° - 1500 rpm, etc. It depends on the diesel fuel pressure inside the fuel pump housing and on the wear of the wave profile of the special washer. To achieve optimal values, a piston (or so-called “timer”) is provided in the fuel injection pump housing, which, by means of a driver, rotates the washer and thereby sets the time for the start of fuel supply to the injector. Timely replacement of a worn washer often solves the problem with fuel consumption and excessive fuel consumption. In addition, timely adjustment of the cyclic supply, which must correspond to the volume of incoming air, will significantly affect diesel savings.
- Fans of a sharp and aggressive driving style should reconsider their habits, abandoning sharp “gas” with rapid power gains and braking.
It is better to adhere to a smooth and stable style of operating equipment that is optimal for economical fuel consumption. The diesel engine speed should be within 1600-2000 rpm. It also makes sense to avoid upshifting when accelerating to high speeds.
- Change clogged consumables - fuel and air filters - in a timely manner, avoiding a significant reduction in their throughput.
- Choose an engine oil with low viscosity that is optimal for diesel engines. You should not skimp on oil: you need to replace it within the period established by the manufacturers, and this replacement must be carried out in full accordance with the technical parameters of the tractor or car.
- Do not forget to regularly monitor the tire pressure level, inflating them as necessary to the specified values.
So, in most cases, increased diesel engine consumption is the first serious signal that there is a malfunction in the tractor or truck. It is necessary to identify this malfunction and eliminate it, if possible, in a short time, without putting these actions on the back burner.
4.1. Fuel consumption standards for general purpose vehicles
Fuel consumption standards can be established for each model, brand and modification of vehicles in use and correspond to certain operating conditions of motor vehicles according to their classification and purpose. The standards include the fuel consumption required for the transport process. Fuel consumption for technical, garage and other internal economic needs not directly related to the technological process of transporting passengers and cargo is not included in the standards (in the tables) and is established separately.
The following types of standards have been established for general purpose vehicles:
-basic rate in liters per 100 km(l/100 km) mileage of a motor vehicle (AV) in running order;
-transport norm in liters per 100 km(l/100 km) mileage during transport work;
-bus, where the curb weight and the nominal passenger load normalized for the purpose of the bus are taken into account;
-dump truck, where the curb weight and normalized loading of the dump truck are taken into account (with a coefficient of 0.5);
The transport norm in liters per 100 ton-kilometers (l/100 tkm) when carrying out the transport work of a truck takes into account fuel consumption additional to the basic norm when driving a vehicle with cargo, a road train with a trailer or semi-trailer without cargo and with cargo, or using previously established coefficients for each ton of transported cargo, the weight of a trailer or semi-trailer - up to 1.3 l/100 km and up to 2.0 l/100 km for cars, respectively, with diesel and gasoline engines - or using accurate calculations performed using a special program -methodology directly for each specific brand, modification and type of vehicle.
Basic rate fuel consumption depends on the design of the car, its units and systems, the category, type and purpose of the automobile rolling stock (cars, buses, trucks, etc.), on the type of fuel used, takes into account the weight of the car in running order, the typical route and driving mode under operating conditions within the limits of the “Road Rules”.
Transport norm(standard for transport work) includes the basic standard and depends either on the carrying capacity, or on the standardized load of passengers, or on the specific mass of the cargo being transported.
Operating standard is established at the place of operation of the vehicle on the basis of the basic or transport standard using correction factors (surcharges) taking into account local operating conditions, according to the formulas given in this document.
Fuel consumption standards per 100 km of vehicle mileage are set in the following measurements:
For gasoline and diesel cars - in liters of gasoline or diesel fuel;
For vehicles running on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) - in liters of LPG at the rate of 1 liter of gasoline corresponds to “1.32 liters of LPG, no more” (recommended rate within 1.22±0.10 liters of LPG to 1 liter of gasoline, depending on the properties of the propane-butane mixture);
For vehicles running on compressed natural gas (CNG) - in normal cubic meters of CNG, at the rate of 1 liter of gasoline corresponds to 1±0.1 m of CNG (depending on the properties of natural gas);
For gas-diesel vehicles, the consumption rate of compressed natural gas is indicated in m3 with a simultaneous indication of the diesel fuel consumption rate in liters; their ratio is determined by the manufacturer of the equipment (or in the operating instructions).
Accounting for road transport, climatic and other operational factors is carried out using correction factors (surcharges), regulated in the form of percentage increases or decreases in the initial value of the norm (their values are established by order or order of the management of the enterprise operating the vehicle, or the local administration).
Fuel consumption rates increase under the following conditions.
1. Operation of vehicles in the winter season, depending on the climatic regions of the country - from 5% to 20% (inclusive - and further in the text for all upper limit values of the coefficients).
2. Operation of vehicles on public roads (I, II and III categories) in mountainous areas, including cities, towns and suburban areas, at an altitude above sea level:
from 300 to 800 m - up to 5% (lower mountains);
from 801 to 2000 m - up to 10% (mid-mountain);
from 2001 to 3000 m - up to 15% (highlands);
over 3000 m - up to 20% (highlands).
3. Operation of vehicles on public roads of categories I, II and III with a complex layout (outside cities and suburban areas), where on average there are more than five curves (turns) with a radius of less than 40 m per 1 km (or per 100 km of track - about 500) - up to 10%, on public roads of categories IV and V - up to 30%.
4. Operation of motor transport in cities with the population:
over 3 million people - up to 25%;
from 1 to 3 million people - up to 20%;
from 250 thousand to 1 million people - up to 15%;
from 100 to 250 thousand people - up to 10%;
Up to 100 thousand people in cities, urban settlements and other large settlements (if there are controlled intersections, traffic lights or other traffic signs) - up to 5%.
5. Operation of vehicles requiring frequent technological stops associated with loading and unloading, boarding and disembarking passengers, including route taxis - buses, passenger-and-passenger and small-class trucks, pickup trucks, station wagons, etc., including transportation of products and small cargo, servicing mailboxes, cash collection, servicing pensioners, disabled people, sick people, etc. (if there is an average of more than one stop per 1 km of travel; stops at traffic lights, intersections and crossings are not taken into account) - up to 10%.
6. Transportation of non-standard, large-sized, heavy, dangerous goods, cargo in glass, etc., movement in convoys and accompanied, and other similar cases:
With a reduced average vehicle speed of 20...40 km/h - up to 15%;
With a reduced average speed below 20 km/h - up to 35%.
7. When running in new cars and those that have undergone major repairs, (mileage is determined by the manufacturer of the equipment) - up to 10%.
8. When transporting cars centrally:
On your own in a single state or in a column - up to 10%;
When driving and towing vehicles in a paired state - up to 15%;
When hauling and towing in a assembled state - up to 20%.
9. For vehicles in use:
More than 5 years with a total mileage of more than 100 thousand km - up to 5%;
More than 8 years with a total mileage of more than 150 thousand km - up to 10%.
10. When operating trucks, vans, cargo taxis, etc. excluding the mass of transported cargo, as well as when vehicles operate as technological transport, including work inside the enterprise - up to 10%.
11. When operating special vehicles (patrol vehicles, filming vehicles, repair vehicles, aerial platforms, forklifts, etc.) performing the transport process during maneuvering, at low speeds, with frequent stops, reversing, etc. - up to 20%.
12. When working in quarries, when moving across a field, when removing timber, etc. on horizontal sections of roads of categories IV and V:
For vehicles in running order without cargo - up to 20%;
For vehicles with a full or partial vehicle load - up to 40%.
13. When working in extreme climatic and difficult road conditions during seasonal thaw, snow or sand drifts, heavy snowfall and ice, floods and other natural disasters:
for roads of I, II and III categories - up to 35%;
14. During training driving:
on public roads - up to 20%;
at specially designated training areas, when maneuvering at low speeds, with frequent stops and reversing - up to 40%.
15. When using an air conditioner or climate control system while driving a car - up to 7% of the basic norm.
16. When using an air conditioner in a parking lot, the standard fuel consumption is set based on one hour of inactivity with the engine running, the same in the parking lot when using the climate control unit (regardless of the time of year) for one hour of inactivity with the engine running - up to 10% from the basic norm.
17. When vehicles are idle for loading or unloading at points where, according to safety conditions or other applicable rules, it is prohibited to turn off the engine (oil depots, special warehouses, the presence of cargo that does not allow cooling of the body, banks and other objects), as well as in other cases of forced downtime car with the engine running - up to 10% of the base rate for one hour of inactivity.
18. In the winter or cold (with an average daily temperature below +5°C) season, in parking lots when it is necessary to start and warm up cars and buses (if there are no independent heaters), as well as in parking lots waiting for passengers (including for medical vehicles and when transporting children), standard fuel consumption is established based on one hour of parking (idle time) with the engine running - up to 10% of the basic norm.
19. It is allowed on the basis of an order from the head of an enterprise or an order from the leadership of a local administration:
For internal garage trips and technical needs of motor transport enterprises (technical inspections, adjustment work, running-in of engine parts and other vehicle components after repairs, etc.), increase the standard fuel consumption to 1% of the total amount consumed by this enterprise (with justification and taking into account the actual number of vehicles used in these works);
For brands and modifications of cars that do not have significant design changes compared to the base model (with the same technical characteristics of the engine, gearbox, final drive, tires, wheel arrangement, body) and do not differ from the base model in curb weight, set the basic fuel consumption rate in the same sizes as for the base model;
For brands and modifications of cars that do not have the design changes listed above, but differ from the base model only in their own weight (when installing vans, awnings, additional equipment, armor, etc.), fuel consumption rates can be determined:
For every ton of increase (decrease) in the vehicle's own weight with an increase (decrease) at the rate of up to 2 l/100 km for cars with gasoline engines, at the rate of up to 1.3 l/100 km - with diesel engines, at the rate of up to 2.64 l/100 km for vehicles running on liquefied gas, at the rate of up to 2 m 3 /100 km for vehicles running on compressed natural gas;
With the gas-diesel engine process, approximately up to 1.2 m of natural gas and up to 0.25 l/100 km of diesel fuel, based on each ton of change in the vehicle’s own weight.
Fuel consumption rates may decrease.
1. When working on public roads of categories I, II and III outside the suburban area on flat, slightly hilly terrain (altitude up to 300 m above sea level) - up to 15%.
2. In the case when vehicles are operated in a suburban area outside the city boundaries, correction (urban) coefficients are not applied.
If it is necessary to apply several surcharges simultaneously, the fuel consumption rate is set taking into account the sum or difference of these surcharges.
In addition to the normalized gas consumption, the consumption of gasoline or diesel fuel for gas-cylinder vehicles is allowed in the following cases:
For entering and leaving the repair zone after technical work - up to 5 liters of liquid fuel per gas-cylinder vehicle;
To start and operate the engine of a gas-cylinder car - up to 20 liters of liquid fuel per month per car in the summer and spring-autumn seasons; in winter, winter allowances are additionally taken into account in accordance with section 4.3;
On routes whose length exceeds the range of one gas filling,
Up to 25% of total fuel consumption on specified routes.
In all of these cases, the rationing of liquid fuel consumption for gas-cylinder vehicles is carried out in the same amounts as for the corresponding base vehicles.
Taking into account possible changes and diversity of operating conditions of automotive vehicles, changes of man-made, natural and climatic nature, the condition of roads, features of the transportation of goods and passengers, etc., in case of production necessity, it is possible to clarify or introduce separate correction factors (surcharges) to the standards fuel consumption by order of the leadership of local regional administrations and other departments - with appropriate justification and in agreement with the Ministry of Transport of Russia.
For the period of validity of the document “Consumption standards for fuels and lubricants in motor transport” for models, brands and modifications of motor vehicles entering the vehicle fleet of a country for which the Ministry of Transport of Russia has not approved fuel consumption standards (not included in these consumption standards), heads of local regional administrations and enterprises can put into effect by their order standards developed on individual applications in the prescribed manner by scientific organizations that develop such standards using a special program-method.
FOR PASSENGER CARS the normalized value of fuel consumption is calculated according to the following ratio:
Where Qh- standard fuel consumption, l;
Hs- basic fuel consumption per vehicle mileage,
S- car mileage, km;
D
Example. From the waybill it was established that the GAZ-24-10 taxi car, operating in mountainous areas at an altitude of 500 - 1500 m, covered a distance of 244 km.
Initial data:
The basic standard for the GAZ-24-10 passenger car is Hs= 13.0 l/100 km;
The allowance for work in mountainous areas at an altitude of 500 to 1500 m above sea level is D = 5%.
FOR BUSES The normalized fuel consumption value is determined similarly to passenger cars. If standard independent heaters are used on a bus in winter, fuel consumption for the operation of the heater is taken into account in the total standardized fuel consumption as follows:
,
(2)
Where Qh
Hs- basic fuel consumption per bus mileage,
l/100 km or m/100 km;
S- bus mileage, km;
Nfrom- rate of fuel consumption for operation of the heater or heaters, l/hour;
T- operating time of the vehicle with the heater on, hour;
D - correction factor (total relative increase or decrease) to the norm as a percentage.
Example. From the waybill it was established that the Ikarus-280.33 city bus operated in the city in winter using standard Sirokko-268 cabin heaters together with Sirokko-262 (trailer heater), covered a mileage of 164 km, with an operating time on the line of 8 hours.
Initial data:
The basic mileage rate for the Ikarus-280.33 city bus is Hs= 43.0 l/100 km;
The bonus for working in winter is D = 10%;
The fuel consumption rate for operating the Sirokko-268 heater together with Sirokko-262 is Nfrom=3.5 l/hour.
Standardized fuel consumption is:
FOR FLASHBOARD TRUCKS OR ROAD TRAINS
,(3)
Where QH- standard fuel consumption, in liters or m3;
S
Hsav- fuel consumption rate per road train mileage,
HsaV =Hs +Hg· GGp, l/100 km or m/100 km,
Hs- basic fuel consumption rate for vehicle mileage, l/100 km or m/100 km;
HsaV =Hs- for a single car, tractor, l/100 km or m 3 /100 km;
Hg- fuel consumption rate for the additional weight of a trailer or semi-trailer, l/100 tkm or m/100 tkm);
Hw- rate of fuel consumption for transport work,
l/100 tkm or m/100 tkm;
W- volume of transport work, W= GGp SGp, t km;
Gsp- cargo mass, t;
SGp- mileage with load, km;
GPp- dead weight of the trailer or semi-trailer, t;
D- correction factor (total relative
increase or decrease) to the norm as a percentage.
For cargo flatbed vehicles and road trains performing work counted in ton-kilometers, in addition to the basic norm, fuel consumption rate increases(calculated in liters per ton of cargo per 100 km) depending on the type of fuel used:
for gasoline - up to 2 liters;
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) - up to 2.64 l;
compressed natural gas (CNG) - up to 2 m;
with gas-diesel power, approximately up to 1.2 m 3 of natural gas and up to 0.25 liters of diesel fuel.
When operating flatbed trucks, tractors with trailers and truck tractors with semi-trailers, fuel consumption rate (l/100 km) for the mileage of a road train increases(calculated in liters per ton of trailers and semi-trailers’ own weight) depending on the type of fuel:
gasoline - up to 2 liters;
diesel fuel - up to 1.3 l;
liquefied gas - up to 2.64 l;
natural gas - up to 2 m;
Example 1. From the waybill it was established that a single ZIL-431410 on-board vehicle with a total mileage of 217 km performed transport work in the amount of 820 tkm under operating conditions that did not require the use of surcharges or their reduction.
Initial data:
The basic rate of fuel consumption per mileage for an onboard vehicle ZIL-43141 is Hs= 31.0 l/100 km;
The rate of gasoline consumption for the transportation of payload is Hw= 2.0 l/100 tkm.
Standardized fuel consumption is:
Example 2. From the waybill it was established that a single KamAZ-53215 on-board vehicle with a KamAZ-740.11 engine with a total mileage of 1000 km along the Bryansk-Moscow-Bryansk route transported cargo weighing 3.5 tons from Moscow to Bryansk in winter operating conditions.
Initial data:
The basic fuel consumption per mileage for a KamAZ-53215 onboard vehicle with a KamAZ-740.11 engine is Hs= 24.5 l/100 km;
The rate of diesel fuel consumption for the transportation of payload is Hw= 1.3 l/100 tkm.
Allowances for work in winter in the Bryansk region D= 10 percent.
Standardized fuel consumption is:
Example 3. From the waybill it was established that the KamAZ-5320 on-board vehicle with the GKB-8350 trailer performed 6413 tkm of transport work in winter conditions on mountain roads at an altitude of 1501 to 2000 meters and made a total mileage of 475 km.
Initial data:
The basic fuel consumption per mileage for an onboard KamAZ-5320 vehicle is Hs= 25.0 l/100 km;
Hw= 1.3 l/100 tkm;
The fuel consumption rate for the additional weight of the trailer is Hg= 1.3 l/100 tkm;
Allowances for work in winter D= 10%, for work in mountain conditions at altitudes from 1501 to 2000 meters above sea level D= 10 percent, ∑ D=10+10=20%;
Weight of the equipped trailer GKB-8350 Gn.p.= 3.5 tons;
The fuel consumption rate for the mileage of a road train consisting of: a KamAZ-5320 vehicle with a GKB-8350 trailer is:
HsaV =Hs +Hg· Gn.p.= 25 +1.3· 3.5 = 29.55 l/100 km.
Normalized fuel consumption:
Example 4. From the waybill it was established that a KamAZ-53215 on-board vehicle with a KamAZ-740.11 engine with a GKB-8350 trailer, with a total mileage of 2000 km along the Kirov-Moscow-Kirov route, transported cargo weighing 3.5 tons from Moscow to Kirov in winter conditions on public roads of category II.
Initial data:
The basic fuel consumption rate per mileage for a KamAZ-53215 onboard vehicle with a KamAZ-740.11 engine was established by order of the head of the enterprise and is Hs= 24.5 l/100 km;
The fuel consumption rate for transporting a payload is Hw= 1.3 l/100 tkm;
The fuel consumption rate for the additional weight of the trailer is Hg= 1.3 l/100 tkm;
Weight of the equipped trailer GKB-8350 Gn.p.= 3.5 tons;
Allowances for work in winter in the Kirov region D = 12 %,
Reduced fuel consumption when working on public roads of category II D= -8%. Total ∑ D=12-8=4%;
Volume of transport work, W= GGp· SGp= 3.5·1000 =3500tkm;
The fuel consumption rate for the mileage of a road train consisting of: a KamAZ-53212 vehicle with a GKB-8350 trailer is:
HsaV =Hs +Hg· Gn.p.= 24.5 +1.3 · 3.5 = 29.05 l/100 km.
Normalized fuel consumption:
FOR TRUCK TRUCKS the normalized value of fuel consumption is determined similarly to on-board cargo vehicles.
Example. From the waybill it was established that the MAZ-5429 tractor-trailer with the MA3-5205A semi-trailer completed 9520 tkm of transport work while covering 595 km on a country road with an improved surface.
Initial data:
The basic fuel consumption per mileage for the MAZ-5429 tractor is Hs= 23.0 l/100 km;
The fuel consumption rate for transporting a payload is Hw= 1.3 l/100 tkm;
The fuel consumption rate for the additional weight of the semi-trailer is Hg= 1.3 l/100 tkm;
Weight of the equipped semi-trailer MAZ-5205A Gn.p.= 5.7 tons;
Winter work allowance D= 10%, reduction due to the movement of the road train on a country road with improved surface D= 15%; Total ∑ D=10-15= 5%;
The fuel consumption rate for the mileage of a road train consisting of a MAZ-5429 tractor with a MAZ-5205A semi-trailer is:
HsaV =Hs +Hg· Gn.p.= 23 +1.3· 5.7 = 30.41 l/100 km.
Normalized fuel consumption:
FOR TIPPER VEHICLES AND TIPPER TRAINS the normalized value of fuel consumption is determined by the following relationship:
,
(4)
Where Hmyself- fuel consumption rate of a dump truck train,
Hmyself=Hs+Hw· (Gn.p.+ 0.5·q),l/100 km;
Hw- fuel consumption rate for the transport operation of a dump truck and for the additional weight of a trailer or semi-trailer, l/100 t km or m/100 t km;
Gn.p.- dead weight of the trailer, semi-trailer, t;
q- trailer load capacity, t;
Hs- basic fuel consumption rate of a dump truck, taking into account transport work, l/100 km;
S- mileage of a car or road train, km;
Hz- additional fuel consumption rate for each trip with a dump truck load, l;
Z - number of riders with cargo per shift;
D- correction factor (total relative increase or decrease) to the norm as a percentage.
When operating dump trucks with dump trailers, semi-trailers (if the basic rate is calculated for the vehicle, as for a truck tractor), the fuel consumption rate increases for each ton of the trailer's, semi-trailer's own weight and half of its rated load capacity (load factor - 0.5):
gasoline - up to 2 liters;
diesel fuel - up to 1.3 l;
liquefied gas - up to 2.64 l;
natural gas - up to 2 m.
For dump trucks and road trains, fuel consumption rates are additionally established. (Hz) for each trip with a load when maneuvering in loading and unloading areas:
up to 0.25 l of liquid fuel (up to 0.33 l of liquefied petroleum gas, up to 0.25 m of natural gas) per unit of dump rolling stock;
up to 0.2 m of natural gas and 0.1 liter of diesel fuel approximately when the engine is powered by gas and diesel.
For heavy-duty dump trucks of the BelAZ type, the additional rate of diesel fuel consumption for each trip with a load is set at up to 1 liter.
In cases of operation of dump trucks with a payload coefficient above 0.5, it is allowed to normalize fuel consumption in the same way as for on-board vehicles.
Example 1. From the waybill it was established that the MAZ-510 dump truck traveled 165 km, making 10 trips with cargo. The work was carried out in winter in a quarry on a category IV road.
Initial data:
The basic fuel consumption rate for a MAZ-510 dump truck is Hs= 28.0 l/100 km;
The fuel consumption rate for dump trucks for each trip with a load is Hz= 0.25 l;
Winter work allowance D= 10%, for work in a quarry with a load D= 30%. Total ∑ D=10+30= 40%;
Normalized fuel consumption:
Example 2. From the waybill it was established that a KamAZ-5511 dump truck with a GKB-8527 dump trailer transported 13 tons of brick to a distance of 115 km, and transported 16 tons of crushed stone to a distance of 80 km in the opposite direction. The total mileage was 240 km.
Initial data:
The basic fuel consumption per mileage for a KamAZ-5511 vehicle is Hs= 34.0 l/100 km;
The fuel consumption rate for transporting a payload is Hw= 1.3 l/tkm;
The work was carried out under conditions that did not require the use of increases and decreases;
Weight of loaded dump trailer GKB-8527 Gn.p.= 4.5 tons;
Considering that the load factor is more than 0.5, the fuel consumption rate for the mileage of a road train consisting of a KamAZ-5511 vehicle with a GKB-8527 trailer is:
Hmyself=Hs+Hw· Gn.p.=34.0 +1.3 · 4.5 = 39.85 l/100 km;
Normalized fuel consumption:
FOR VANS(SPECIALIZED VEHICLES) performing work counted in ton-kilometers, the normalized fuel consumption value is determined similarly to on-board trucks.
For vans operating without taking into account the weight of the cargo being transported, the normalized value of fuel consumption is determined taking into account an increasing correction factor - up to 10% of the base norm.
Example. From the waybill it was established that the GZSA-37021 van truck (powered by liquefied petroleum gas), working at an hourly rate within the city with frequent stops, covered a distance of 152 km.
Initial data:
The basic fuel consumption rate for the mileage of the GZSA-37021 van is Hs= 34.0 l/100 km;
Work allowance, hourly rate D= 10%, surcharge for work with frequent technological stops D= 8%. Total ∑ D=10+8=18%;
Normalized fuel consumption:
FOR PASSENGER CARS AND MINIBUSES MANUFACTURED FOREIGN the normalized fuel consumption value is calculated similarly to Russian-made passenger cars using formula (1).
SPECIAL AND CUSTOMIZED VEHICLES with equipment installed on them are divided into two groups:
Vehicles performing work during the parking period (firefighting truck cranes, tank trucks, compressor, drilling rigs, etc.);
Vehicles performing repair, construction and other work while moving (aerial platforms, cable laying machines, concrete mixers, etc.).
The standard fuel consumption (l) for special vehicles performing the main work during the parking period is determined as follows:
Where Hsc- individual fuel consumption rate for the mileage of a special vehicle, l/100 km (in cases where a special vehicle is also intended to transport cargo, the individual rate is calculated taking into account the performance of transport work: H" sc =Hsc +Hw· W;
NT- rate of fuel consumption for the operation of special equipment, l/hour or liters for the operation performed (filling the tank, etc.);
S- car mileage;
T- equipment operating time, hour or number of operations performed;
∑D- total relative increase or decrease to the norm, percentage (when operating equipment, only allowances for work in winter and in mountainous areas are applied). Standard fuel consumption for special vehicles performing work while moving is determined as follows:
Where Hsc- individual fuel consumption rate per mileage
special vehicle, l/100 km;
S" - mileage of the special vehicle to the place of work and back, km;
Hs" - fuel consumption rate per mileage when performing special work while traveling, l/100 km;
S" - vehicle mileage when performing special work while moving, km;
HSD- additional fuel consumption rate for spreading sand or mixture per body, l;
N- the number of bodies of scattered sand or mixture per shift.
For vehicles on which special equipment is installed, fuel consumption standards for mileage (for movement) are established based on fuel consumption standards developed for basic car models, taking into account changes in the weight of the special vehicle.
Fuel consumption standards for special vehicles performing housing and communal services are determined according to the standards of the Housing and Communal Services Department of the Gosstroy of Russia (K. D. Pamfilov Academy of Public Utilities).
Example. From the waybill it was established that the KS-4571 truck crane based on the KrAZ-257 vehicle, which had been overhauled, covered a distance of 127 km. The operating time of special equipment for moving cargo was 6.8 hours.
Initial data:
The basic fuel consumption per mileage for the KS-4571 truck crane is Hsc= 52 l/100 km;
The fuel consumption rate for operating special equipment installed on a vehicle is NT= 8.4 l/100 km;
Allowance for the first thousand km driven by a car after major repairs D = 5 %.
Normalized fuel consumption.
Diesel engines are highly economical compared to gasoline engines. Nowadays, due to the jitter of diesel fuel, any vehicle owner is thinking about saving fuel.
High fuel consumption on trucks most often occurs due to malfunction of components and assemblies:
- Fuel system
- Valve clearances
- Air filter dirty
A detailed analysis of the reasons for high fuel consumption.
Fuel system malfunctions include:
- Dirty or worn injectors, nowadays injectors are manufactured with tolerances down to 1 micron. Fuel filters located before the injectors filter out particles up to 5 microns in size. Anything less ends up in the injectors. Different types of fuel contain different amounts of light and heavy particles; when the engine is turned off, diesel fuel remains in the injector, light particles evaporate, and heavy particles remain as a deposit on the inside of the injectors.
- Reduced performance and failure of the fuel pump. It is a known fact that water does not mix with diesel fuel, but settles at the bottom of the tank, since water is lighter than diesel fuel; when water enters the fuel pump, it causes corrosion of metal parts and abrasive damage to rubbing parts. The parts of the fuel pump are lubricated by the flow of diesel fuel through it, and dirt and water worsen these properties. As a result, the pressure in the fuel system decreases.
- Lack of tightness of the power supply system. The tightness of the intake power system is not affected. Sealed connections from the fuel tank to the injectors cause leakage of diesel fuel and air leaks, which in turn affects excessively high fuel consumption.
- Air filter clogged negatively affects fuel consumption; to reduce fuel consumption, it should be changed every 30-40 thousand kilometers.
- Violation of the injection advance angle, the injection advance angle has different values at different engine speeds. The injection advance angle depends on the internal fuel pressure of the injection pump and the wear of the wave profile. Using pressure, the washer rotates and thereby determines the volume of fuel supplied to the injector.
Factors that also affect fuel consumption.
One of the highest factors affecting fuel consumption is the aggressive driving style of the driver, sharp acceleration and braking, and too long acceleration in low gears.
For example, let's take the fuel consumption report of two different drivers driving the same car, a week apart.
DRIVER #1
DRIVER #2
The reports show that the second driver's consumption is higher than that of the first driver.
Consumption at idle speed
Fuel consumption also increases due to vehicle downtime with the engine running, so-called idling. Engines on trucks consume between 6 and 8 liters per hour when idling. In 5 hours of idle time with the engine running, a car can consume about 30 liters of diesel fuel. By the way, this is one of the reasons why fuel is consumed more in winter due to idling when the engine warms up.
Conclusion:
To save on diesel fuel consumption, you need to undergo vehicle maintenance on time and monitor the technical condition of the vehicle’s components and assemblies.
Fill up with high-quality fuel at proven gas stations and under no circumstances allow water to get into the car’s tank.
It is also worth paying special attention to selecting drivers for the car.
To control the vehicle's fuel consumption and the driver's driving style, we install a vehicle monitoring system that can determine the actual fuel consumption and remind about the timely maintenance of the vehicle.