Abstract: The history of the creation of a perpetual motion machine. How to test a perpetual motion machine? Perpetual motion machine 1 city

According to historical records, the first person to propose building such a machine was a scientist who lived in the 12th century. It was at this time that the European Crusades to the Holy Land began. The development of crafts, farming and technology required the development of new energy sources. The popularity of the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine began to grow rapidly. Scientists tried to build it, but their attempts were unsuccessful.

This idea became even more popular in the 15th and 16th centuries with the development of manufacturing. Projects for perpetual motion were proposed by everyone and everything: from simple artisans who dreamed of setting up their own small factory, to major scientists. Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei and other great researchers, after numerous attempts to create a perpetual motion machine, came to the general opinion that this was impossible in principle.

Scientists who lived in the 19th century came to the same opinion. Among them were Hermann Helmholtz and James Joule. They independently formulated the law of conservation of energy, which characterizes the course of all processes in the Universe.

Perpetual motion machine of the first kind

From this fundamental law it follows that it is impossible to create a perpetual motion machine of the first kind. The law of conservation of energy states that energy does not appear from anywhere and does not disappear anywhere without a trace, but only takes on new forms.

A perpetual motion machine of the first kind is an imaginary system capable of doing work (i.e. producing energy) for an unlimited time without access to energy from the outside. A real system like this can only do work using its internal energy. But this work will be limited, since the reserves of internal energy of the system are not infinite.

To produce energy, a heat engine must perform a certain cycle, which means it must return to its initial state each time. The first law of thermodynamics states that an engine must receive energy from outside to perform work. That is why it is impossible to build a perpetual motion machine of the first kind.

Perpetual motion machine of the second kind

The principle of operation of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind was as follows: to take energy away from the ocean, while lowering its temperature. This does not contradict the law of conservation of energy, but building such an engine is also impossible.

The thing is that this contradicts the second law of thermodynamics. It lies in the fact that energy from a colder body cannot be transferred to a hotter one in the general case. The probability of such an event tends to zero, since it is irrational.

When it comes to perpetual motion, the main problem is confusion in wording. For some reason, some people believe that a perpetual motion machine is a machine that moves constantly, that it never stops. This is true, but only partly.

Indeed, if you once installed and started a perpetual motion machine, it will have to work until the “end of time.” To call the life of an engine “long” or “long” is to greatly understate its capabilities. However, it is no secret that a perpetual motion machine does not and cannot exist in nature.

But what about planets, stars and galaxies? After all, all these objects are in constant motion, and this motion will exist constantly as long as the Universe exists, until the time of eternal, endless, absolute darkness comes. Isn't this a perpetual motion machine?

It is in answering this question that the confusion in wording that we talked about at the beginning is revealed. Perpetual motion is not a perpetual motion machine! The movement itself in the Universe is “eternal”. Movement will exist as long as the Universe exists. But a so-called perpetual motion machine is a device that not only moves endlessly, it also produces energy as it moves. Therefore, the definition given by Wikipedia is correct:

On the Internet you can find many projects that offer models of perpetual motion machines. Looking at these structures, you might think that they are able to work without stopping, constantly producing energy. If we actually succeeded in designing a perpetual motion machine, the consequences would be staggering. It would be an eternal source of energy, moreover, free energy. Unfortunately, due to the fundamental laws of physics of our Universe, the creation of perpetual motion machines is impossible. Let's figure out why this is so.

Physics of perpetual motion

In our Universe reigns supreme law of energy conservation. According to this law, energy is always conserved. This means that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Instead, it simply moves from one state to another. In order for movement to occur constantly, the energy of the system must always remain constant and not be released anywhere. From this fact alone it follows that a perpetual motion machine cannot be built.

Why? To maintain constant movement, we must meet many requirements for our device:

1. The machine should not have any “rubbing” parts. Any moving part must not touch other parts. The friction that will be created between the parts will eventually cause the engine to lose its energy. Creating a smooth surface is not enough because there are no perfectly smooth objects. Heat will always be generated by the friction of two parts (heat generation requires energy, so the engine will lose energy).
2. The machine must operate in a vacuum (without air). This point is directly related to the reason stated in the previous paragraph. Operating a machine outside of a vacuum will cause it to lose energy due to friction between moving parts and the air. Although the loss of energy due to friction between engine parts and air is very small, remember that we are talking about perpetual motion machines. That is, if the slightest loss mechanism exists, then the motor will eventually lose its energy (even if it takes a very long time).
3. The engine should not produce sound. Sound is also a form of energy transmission. If the machine makes any noise, it leads to loss of energy. Although this problem will disappear if the engine is running in a vacuum, since sound cannot travel in a vacuum.

And even if we assume that someday we will be able to meet all these conditions and build a device that will move forever. Will we be able to get energy from it? Yes, but only the energy that was used to set this device in motion. A perpetual motion machine in real life will simply store the energy initially transferred to it. We must remember that energy cannot be created; it is always only transformed from one form to another. So, if you manage to build the perfect machine that can move forever, you will need energy to run it. This is the only energy you will eventually get back.

Call them free energy machines, perpetuum mobiles, or perpetual motion machines. A tiger is still a tiger, no matter what color you paint its stripes. Ever since humanity has needed electricity or another source of energy, inventive minds have been searching in vain for an ingenious solution: free energy for all time without any fuel. Historians have been finding sketches and drawings of “how to make a perpetual motion machine” ever since technical sketches have existed. Perpetual motion projects still appear today, even more often than before. Today we are going to look at the most famous example of a perpetual motion machine and convey to the public understanding that such a miracle does exist.

The meaning that a perpetual motion machine cannot work and will not work does not require proof. But since claims of this possibility continue unabated, the discussion deserves attention. Strictly speaking, it would be unscientific for the author to claim that such a possibility exists. A perpetual motion machine would violate the law of thermodynamics. But the fundamental laws of the universe are so inviolable that the author is going to escape their influence. The first law of thermodynamics states that the energy of a closed system remains constant. If it is necessary to remove part of the energy, for example, through rotation of the shaft, it is necessary to return at least the same amount of energy to the system. The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of an isolated system can only increase and cannot decrease. Basically, systems tend to thermal equilibrium. Simply put, the second law prohibits processes in which heat flows from a region of lower temperature to a region of higher temperature or where heat is converted entirely into work. Any perpetual motion machine is impossible, since it violates one or both laws of thermodynamics.

The most common designs of perpetual motion machines are based on a magnetic motor. The magnets are arranged continuously in a circle and must spin a rotor, push balls around a circle, or keep some other structure moving forever. Nowadays, such designs are a hybrid of an electric motor. The inventors claim that the kinetic energy of such a motor exceeds the cost of electricity; once started, it can rotate forever. An Internet search screams of thousands of similar projects. Many show videos of the machine running. How can one understand all this? The author states that all these guys are lying?

No, but the author says that anyone who claims perpetual motion is wrong. In most cases, the inventor does not have a physical education and has not studied the principles of operation of electromechanical systems. Most of the inventors of perpetual motion machines are amateurs and are quite honestly (albeit deeply) mistaken. Most often, they present diagrams, notes, and calculations they have done themselves. Some admit that they don't fully understand what's going on in their version of a perpetual motion machine. But, more often than not, they claim that they have refuted the laws of nature using unique knowledge.

Early versions of the perpetual motion machine were described in the 12th century. The most famous of these is the Bhaskara wheel, the spokes of which are half filled with mercury and curved so that heavy fluid tends away from the axis when moving down, and tends towards the axis of rotation when moving up, providing a lever to support the rotation. A similar design, called an unequal balance wheel, was repeated for many centuries in many variations. The 13th century Willard wheel uses hammers instead of heavy fluid. The 15th century Taccola wheel uses suspended levers. Leonardo da Vinci drew a whole series of wheels with unequal balance, although he knew that eternal rotation was impossible.
In 1870, author Henry Dircks quoted Leonardo:

“...Equipping a wheel like this with many balancing parts and giving it rotation will lead to a stop because with such a design you are deceiving yourself... Although the heavier parts of the wheel are located further from the axis of rotation, and their torque increases, the driving force of the entire wheel remains unchanged.”

A special place in the history of perpetual motion machines is occupied by the German watchmaker Johann Bessler. He designed a huge number of wheels, which he demonstrated in the early 1700s. Its huge wheels, driven by a pendulum, had a closed mechanism. Bessler received support and widespread recognition, although many considered him an illusionist in addition to his fame as an accomplished watchmaker. The most famous demonstration of the continuously rotating wheel lasted 53 days in a sealed, closed room guarded by Bessler's patron, the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel. But since the room was windowless, and Bessler was always the first to enter and the last to leave, skeptics were not confident in the continuous rotation of the wheel.

Physics remains physics, whether we are talking about a simple or complex mechanism with funny terminology and connected to a battery. In 2006, the Steorn company announced a device called Orbo, which, as everyone knows, was a classic magnetic motor. All public demonstrations failed (except when the battery was connected), but they still claimed progress. For decades, a guy named John Searl claimed to have built a magnetic motor called the Searl Effect Generator and said he flew around in a flying saucer with his motor.

In recent years, many have claimed that coils of wire generate electricity. The most famous are the “Rodina skeins”, named after the author Marko Rodin. According to him, it is based on the principle of vortex mathematics, a new science invented and recognized by himself. The perpetual motion machine of Canadian inventor Thane Heins has the exotic name Perepiteia bi-toroidal transformer. Observers have come to the conclusion that this is an ordinary electric motor and only Haynes himself assures that more electricity is generated than it is consumed.

As you might imagine, many perpetual motion proponents look to Nikolo Tesla and his 1900 article published in Century Illustrated Magazine. Some interpreted Tesla's paper as confirmation of the possibility of a perpetual motion machine. A quick glance at the article will tell you that Tesla did not address the issue of perpetual motion at all. An article about the possibilities of heat conduction and heat transfer from a warm region to a cold region. Tesla did not discuss the possibility of breaking the law of thermodynamics, he discussed the possibility of exploiting it.

A common misconception associated with perpetual motion models is that many of them are patented. A patent confirms only the originality of the design and cannot serve as recognition of the performance of a particular device. In fact, a large number of incredible mechanisms have been successfully patented but failed in testing. Perpetual motion machines are not patented in most countries. In the US this is called the "applicability requirement". In order to obtain a patent, a device must have a minimum applicability. The law excludes the possibility of patenting perpetual motion machines based on their impossibility. Simply put, you will not receive a patent for an “intergalactic transformer” until you present a working design.

The most common case of patent refusal is described on the official website as (the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure) and has been in effect since 1977. Joseph Newman was an eccentric who developed his own theory of gyroscopes and electromagnetism. The motor patent was refused because the principle violates the laws of nature. Newman filed appeals, which were also denied. His mood was very serious, and in 1989 a lawsuit was filed against the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks. The judge appointed a specialist to review Newman's prototype. The specialist carefully studied the design and performance of this version of the perpetual motion machine. And, although he understood that Newman was wrong, he recognized the excess of outgoing energy over expended.

But the court did not recognize it and sent the invention to the National Bureau of Standards for testing. The Bureau's conclusion did not coincide with the specialist's conclusions. The device is a conventional DC-AC converter and is only slightly inferior in efficiency to known devices of this type. The court's decision was not in Newman's favor, but he appealed again. Claimed that the Bureau's tests were incorrect. Ultimately, a federal court upheld the local court's decision.

A discussion about perpetual motion machines would not be complete without mentioning the conspiracy theory cited by proponents of exotic inventions. The main argument in the government's refusal to register perpetual motion machines is the support of oil magnates. Conspiracy theory sites such as InfoWars, Rense.com and Natural News support the existence of perpetual motion machines. And movies like Thrive, too.

On the surface the theory seems reasonable, but upon closer inspection it falls apart. Firstly, the suppression mentioned does not seem to exist at all. Various perpetual motion machines are constantly being advertised, YouTube is bursting with daily updates of stories about perpetual motion machines that supposedly work. In whatever form repression is expressed, it is completely ineffective. Lots of people have been crusading for their version of perpetual motion for decades. Neither the black government agents nor the oil magnates are standing in the way of this fight for a bright future of free energy. Books remain on the shelves, videos remain on YouTube, patents remain in files and are publicly available. The suppression of the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine is difficult to confirm.

Why do decent inventors pursue the goal of creating a perpetual motion machine when the basic theory speaks of impossibility? Patent attorney Gene Quinn offered an explanation:

“The pursuit of the impossible, at least the impossible based on the known laws of physics and nature, is a serious motivation for many. Young science fiction fans become scientists who question conventional thinking and try to create the devices of their dreams.”

There is also the ancient desire for a magically quick solution to a difficult problem. Not many people have such compelling aspirations. It doesn't matter what is being considered: superhealth, psychological superpower or perpetual motion. Enough people are obsessed with achieving this. Inevitably, including positive amateurs, they deceive themselves and other non-specialists with their supposed discoveries. The dream of a perpetual motion machine is inexhaustible.

Translation by Vladimir Maksimenko 2013

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Comments on “”

1. Andrey

   Are there people who know how to make a perpetual motion machine?

   Answering the question posed in the title of the article, I say a resounding “Yes”.
   And one of them, the recently deceased, Richard Feynman, who argued that in
   the vacuum enclosed in the cylinder of an electric light bulb contains so much
   enough energy to boil all the oceans. Of course, “vacuum energy”
   nothing to do with it. Everything is much simpler. We are talking about the possibility of transferring reactive
   energy at the input to the active resistive load by connecting it to the circuit
   pure delay link (PDL), which ensures that the current lags behind the voltage by
   90 degrees. This device completely simulates ideal inductance.
   Thus, the VD circuit is very simple and can be described as a U-ZCHZ-R chain
   (standard designations). Apparently, the Nobel laureate meant
   under the ZChZ there are two back-to-back vacuum diodes connected in parallel.
   According to the author of this comment, due to the small inertial mass of the electron, the frequency
   the applied voltage should be in the region of 30 terahertz.
   When using more inertial electromagnetic energy carriers
   fields (for example magnetic domains), achieving the required phase shift is possible
   at audio frequencies.
   On the question of conspiracy theory: what made Feynman “encrypt” like that?
   Will this comment be published?

2. Andrey

   Perpetual motion machines of the 2nd kind
   (Electrohydrogen generators)
   The source of energy is the environment. Forms of energy – thermal energy + any types
   ionizing radiation. The working fluid undergoing transformation in the work cycle is water.
   Cycle: WATER - HYDROGEN + OXYGEN - WATER.
   Here we consider the half cycle WATER - HYDROGEN + OXYGEN

   The operating principles of the devices are based on the utilization of ionization energy by separation
   charges and their subsequent neutralization on the electrodes. As a result, we have electric
   current and gas. Differs from water electrolysis in that it is not supplied
   and no electrical energy is consumed from an external source.
   The author knows 2 principles for implementing such devices.
   This is “Maxwell’s Demon” and the static electric field of the contact difference
   potentials.

   “Maxwell's demon” is the gravitational field. Experiments show that negative electric potential
   acquires an electrode having a greater gravitational potential.
   It follows that negative ions have less mass than positive ions. The generation mechanism is that the charges
   having different masses, but the same kinetic
   energy (in a statistical sense) rise to different heights in
   gravitational field (see also Studennikov's EVG)
   These devices are monothermic, and moreover, anti-entropic,
   since during operation heat is processed into more ordered forms of energy carriers (gas and electricity)

   Experimental data: experiment No. 1
   plastic hose dia.
   10mm, 2m long, filled with 0.1% (by volume) sulfuric acid solution, with graphite electrodes
   at the ends of the hose, was hung vertically on the wall
   apartments. A voltmeter with an internal resistance of 1 megohm is connected to the electrodes. Observations were carried out over a year.
   Results: within a day the generation mode was established
   voltage 60-70 millivolts (-) on the top electrode and (+) on the bottom. Voltage fluctuations are caused by
   variability of temperature and background radiation.
   experience No. 2

   plastic watering hose 5m long, D 15 mm, graphite electrodes D 10 mm
   hung from the balcony. Temperature 35.
   Clean water from the tap 50mV (+) on the top electrode (-) on the bottom.
   adding surface salt gave an increase of 5 mV
   Pure tap water with practically insoluble boric acid
   from 4 to 12 mV (-) on the upper electrode (+) on the lower.
   And here is the solution to the polarity reversal
   reference book > chemical encyclopedia:
   Hydronium ion (hydronium cation) H?O? , the hydrated form of the proton. exists in aqueous solutions of acids and is part of some pseudohydrates.
   In the first experiments, probably due to the low temperature and the short hose for generating EMF in
   pure water was not observed. This time there was no sulfuric acid on hand. But I think that
   and so everything is clear.

   Unlike electrogravitational devices, devices powered by
   contact potential difference, do not require heat input to create
   potential differences. All that matters is the presence of ions in the water.
   One of the promising water ionizers are weakly radioactive elements, such as cigarette ash
   The non-destructive cathode (-) is N-doped silicon (2000a thyristor substrate, the anode is a (+) graphite rod. The source of ions is water. When the electrodes are short-circuited with a microammeter (R = 10 ohm), a current of 0.4 mA is recorded. Water decomposes.

   The insolubility of the cathode is due to the band mechanism of electrical conductivity.
   Explanations: N-p/p electrical conductivity involves only conduction band electrons.
   That. electrons associated with the crystal lattice prevent the electrolyte from tearing out positive ions from the lattice. This is true, at least for the energy range considered here.
   The contact potential difference creates an electrostatic field in water, which causes the directed movement of ions. In this case, even the simplest HIT made of aluminum, graphite and water is a super-unity generator, if we take into account the additional energy generated due to the contact potential difference.
   And although over-unity, against the background of the electrochemical reaction of cathode dissolution, will be a small fraction, it is a fact.

   The hydrogen and oxygen released can be used in fuel
   element.

3. Parfirych

   I myself did not believe in perpetual motion. I often thought about the inertioid and once on a belt drive I drew weights with a uniform pitch. Did not believe. Calculated and wrote an article “On the existence of inertial motion, perpetual motion and asymmetry.”

4. Uhar

   For example, I proposed a new concept for wind engines. Everyone shies away from her like the devil from incense. This is a perpetual motion machine, but this cannot be! All I hear. Why can’t four (at least) wind generators provide energy for one electric motor?

5. Michael

   I made a self-rotator assembly, where 2 levers 0.5 kg + 0.5 kg = 1.0 kg, lowering at an angle of 60 degrees, raise the lever 1.6 kg 95 degrees using gears. I continue to study the mechanism further. See information Yandex SELF-ROTATOR

6. Sergey

   Look here:
   http://si-is.ucoz.ru
   It is interesting that there is a justification for the designs within the framework of the generally accepted theory of interactions, with the exception, in fact, of the law of conservation of energy.

7. Valery

   Inertioid and perpetual motion machine, what is it for?
   In the early 90s, at an exhibition of technical creativity of young people, there was a poster with the inscription “Gravitational Engine”, I stopped, looking at the drawing. The organizer of the exhibition came up, talked to him about the perpetual motion machine, after which he asked me to convince the author to take down the poster. “Otherwise you’ll develop documentation,” he joked and went after the author. It was clear that you couldn’t get away with citing the law of conservation of energy; there was information about the construction of metaphysical laboratories, quacks to disperse clouds and other innovations. There was no pencil, I had to prove it with my fingers, the author understood and took down the poster.
   And I thought, an interesting thing is happening: the world around us is in perpetual motion, and we do not allow the thought of modeling perpetual motion. This is probably why Goethe’s words remain relevant: “Theory, my friend, is dry, but the tree of life is ever green.”
   The calculation of the devices shown in Figures 1 and 2 of the article “On the existence of inertial motion, perpetual motion and asymmetry” was performed after 0.1 steps of installing weights. When calculating after 0.05 steps, the obtained indicators are approximately halved. That is, having shown a method for calculating simple circuits, I suggested searching for more effective options. For example: run the belt on large pulleys along the chord, which will reduce the number of weights.
   The calculation of the rotor in Figure 3 was performed with sufficient accuracy to make a decision. To manufacture the rotor, approximately 3,000 highly sensitive bubble flasks will be required. And if by calculation it is possible to increase the release of the moment of force tenfold, it will be impossible to do without flasks. The sensitivity of nature can be judged by the following fact: In sinks installed oppositely, a few meters from the equator, the funnels rotate in different directions when draining water.
   About the possibility of using a rotor to generate energy: When the rotor rotates, there is no vertical speed at points 0 and 180 degrees. At points 90 and 270 degrees, the vertical speed is equal to the linear speed, that is, there will be an acceleration along the vertical, which will be superimposed on the acceleration of gravity, as a result of which the pressure of the bubble on the flask will change, in addition, during rotation, a centrifugal force will arise and the bubble will shift. All this will not allow the rotor to gain momentum, and it will rotate very slowly, or rather self-unbalance or have asymmetry.
   Therefore, one cannot count on the practical use of a rotor as a “perpetual motion machine,” and recognizing the existence of self-imbalance is a matter of curiosity and time. The same cannot be said about the inertioid, for which no alternative has yet been found.
   To recognize the existence of an inertioid, experimentation is necessary. The device diagrams described in the note “On the allocation of centrifugal force to obtain thrust” of this article have a calculated thrust of up to 3 percent of the total centrifugal force on a semicircle, but are difficult to manufacture. The designs of more efficient devices may turn out to be no less complex, which calls into question the manufacture of the device using a homemade method, and the development of documentation, the production of experimental samples and laboratory equipment is beyond the capabilities of amateurs.
   Retired engineer Pronota V.P.

8. Vladik-ShokoVladik

   Scientific stereotypes, accepted in science as its “indestructible” scientific postulates, stopped the thinking of many scientists, and people in general, both past and present, being in it a certain mental crafty brake that prevented them from easily understanding what is absolutely simple, and which is a definite aid, a driving force, for the creation in the minds of many of them of complete, highly complex, ugly stupidity!!!

9. Zum

   Nothing is eternal, the LAW of life. But let's look at a nuclear reaction, the energy required for it to start
   much lower than we get. The sun is a perpetual motion machine or not. I suppose we should look from this position.
   From the position of an engine whose efficiency is more than one but not about eternity, this cannot theoretically happen in nature.

10. Vitaly

    Well, why is VD considered only in relation to the laws of conservation of energy and thermodynamics, and the law of Gravity is gravity, which is also energy. Find articles in Google search engines on the topic: “Perpetual motion machine” by Putev-M.D.G. or an essay on the topic: “Gravity controlled by mechanisms”

11. Vladyokha

    It's simple!!! Decent inventors do not design perpetual motion machines for the sake of issuing a patent, but design it for the benefit of human society and the ecology of planet Earth!!!

12. Vladyokha

    Over-unit energy recovery by a closed system - battery-motor-generator: ((((((((A/100%*V%+A)/100%*V%+A)/100%*V%+A)/ 100%*B%+A)/100%*B%+A)/100%*B%+A)/100%*B%+A)/100%*B%+A)/100%*B% +A)=..., where: A is the energy of the primary source (let’s say it is the electric current of the battery), constantly supplied to power the engine; 100% is 100% of energy, and doing these 100% in calculations is finding 1% of energy, both once, from the very original energy of the primary source, and constantly, from the value of the figure each time the energy is recovered by the system - the battery - motor-generator; V% is a figure in %, the efficiency of a single cycle of energy recovery, a battery-motor-generator system generated by its generator. And if the efficiency - V%, equals this system - battery-motor-generator 50%, then the system produces 1 (100%) energy with its generator, equal to the 1 (100%) that it is constantly powered by from its battery. But if it, this system - battery-motor-generator, has its efficiency - B%, equal to more than 50%, then it produces more than 1 (100%) - the energy that its battery constantly feeds, producing it with its generator! And at the same time, this system does not violate, so to speak, the law of conservation of energy, because every time it enters recovery, its energy - And, it spends this recovered energy on itself, in order to perform its new work, repeatedly, which means she does not produce more useful work each time than she spends on her own energy production, although she is capable of increasing it in herself, many times more than all the energy with which her battery was charged at the very beginning!

    28.04.2017

    The phenomenon of current resonance is known from the theory of electrical circuits.
    When connecting capacitance C and inductance L in parallel and when performing
    conditions (2πf)²=1/ C L-current does not flow through the supply voltage circuit.
    Formally, this is described as follows: Ic=jU/Xc, IL=-jU/XL.
    when Xc and XL are equal. the sum of currents in the supply circuit is 0
    The current IL lags in phase from the current Ic by an angle π. If the inductance is replaced
    for active resistance R= XL. with serially connected
    a pure delay link (PDL) ensuring that the current lags behind
    voltage by an angle π/2, then there is nothing in the operation of the resonant circuit
    will not change except
    that heat Q=RI² will be generated at resistance R
    This is a meaningful description of the problem, it is simple and
    It's clear.
    If you use two back-to-back ZChZs - in parallel
    included vacuum diode, then it would seem the idea is easy
    is being implemented. With the light hand of R. Feynman,
    this idea is circulating on the Internet under the name “vacuum energy”
    Feynman's words are often quoted that in a vacuum enclosed in a balloon
    A light bulb contains so much energy that it can boil
    all the oceans. According to available estimates, to implement
    the required phase shift requires a frequency in the region of 3 terahertz (3 * 10¹5 Hz), in view
    low inertial mass of the electron. For more massive charge carriers (mercury ions) 2*10¹² Hz, which will practically lead to the emission of energy through the walls of the vessel, which is not
    will reach the consumer
    Below we consider one of the possible options
    implementation of ZChZ based on the inertia of rotation of magnetic
    domains where the desired phase shift can be achieved even at audio frequencies.
    The bottom line is that the secondary winding covers
    two cores. The first core is a conventional transformer in
    in which the magnetic flux remains constant at constant
    input voltage u₁= jω Ф ₁ w₁
    there is no demagnetizing winding in the second core
    and therefore Ф₂ depends only on the load current. With increasing load current, amplitude
    Ф₂ increases “With a certain increase in the amplitude of the magnetizing reversal field, a phase shift φ appears between the periodic functions H=Hm sinωt and В=Вт sin(ωt-φ).”
    Quote from the book by Mishin D.D. Magnetic materials.M. 1981 page 29.
    The vast majority of people work on this effect.
    resonant fuel-free generators differing from each other only
    ZChZ design. This is the already mentioned “vacuum energy”, Shoulders tube,
    Kapanadze generator, etc.
    To quantify the expected effects, it is necessary to formalize
    the above qualitative considerations.
    to the presentation of which we proceed.

    Double-circuit transformer

    (ZChZ)
    DESIGN SCHEME

    i₁
    f₂
    w₁

    mathematical model taking into account the delay by
    magnetization reversal

    magnetic flux Ф₁ is created by two magnetizing forces w₁ i₁ and w₂i₂
    Ф₁=ff₁(w₁ i₁- w₂i₂) Ф₁=L₁ i₁/ w₁-Mi₂/ w₂
    M mutual induction coefficient
    magnetic flux Ф₂ is created by one magnetizing force
    Ф₂= ff₂ w₂i₂ Ф₂= L₂ i₂/w₂
    where ff is the core form factor
    ff=µS/P – here µ is the absolute magnetic permeability of the core material,
    S cross-sectional area, P perimeter
    I note that inductance L=ffw²
    Ф=iL/w i – current in the winding, w – number of turns of the winding
    Self-induction emf U= jωLi , j=√-1 , ω=2∏f where f frequency in Hz, ∏=3.14
    In the transformation-based frequency model chosen here
    Fourier, the pure delay link is introduced as a multiplier e-j ωT
    T delay time or ωT=φ delay angle
    F₂e-jωT= ff₂ w₂i₂ or Ф₂= L₂ i₂ ejωT/w₂

    Magnetic flux in the secondary winding

    Sum of magnetic fluxes Ф₀= Ф₂ + Ф₁= L₂ i₂ еjωT/w₂ + L₁ i₁/ w₁-Mi₂/ w₂

    Ф₀=L₂ i₂ ejωT/w₂ + L₁ i₁/ w₁-Mi₂/ w₂
    generates voltage U₂=jωw₂ Ф₀
    U₂= jωw₂ (L₂ i₂ ejωT/w₂ + L₁ i₁/ w₁-Mi₂/ w₂)

    Or
    U₂= jω L₂ i₂ ejωT + jω L₂ i₁ — jω Mi₂

    Magnetic flux in the primary winding

    Ф₁=L₁ i₁/ w₁ — M i₂/w₂

    U₁= jωL₁ i₁ — jω L₁ i₂
    Because M w₁/w₂ = L₁

    we have 3 equations
    U₁= jωL₁ i₁ — jω L₁ i₂ 1.
    
    jω L₁ i₁ w₂/ w₁= jω L₂ i₁
    U₂= jω L₂ i₂ еjωT + jω L₂ i₁ — jω Mi₂ 2.
    i₂z = U₂ 3.
    with 3 unknowns i₁, i₂ and U₂
    where z =jx+r complex load
    solve 3 and 2 together
    i₂z = jω L₂ i₂ ejωT + jω L₂ i₁ — jω Mi₂

    i₂ = jω L₂ i₁ /(z + jω M- jω L₂ ejωT)

    or
    let's substitute i₂ into 1.
    U₁= jωL₁ i₁ – jω L₁(jω L₂ i₁) /(z + jω M- jω L₂ ejωT)
    U₁= jωL₁ i₁ + L₁ ω² L₂ i₁) /(z + jω M- jω L₂ ejωT)

    U₁= jωL₁ i₁ +(M² ω² i₁) /(r+jx + jω M- jω L₂ ejωT)

    for U₁ and i₁ to be orthogonal it is necessary

    to expression
    
    did not contain a real part
    ej φ =cos φ +jsin φ
    (M² ω² i₁) /(r+jx + jω M- jω L₂ ej φ)
    (M² ω² i₁) /(r+jx + jω M- jω L₂ (cos φ +jsin φ))
    those. r=- ω L₂sin φ
    because function sin φ is odd, then r= ω L₂sin(- φ)
    this is the orthogonality condition

    reactive component

A perpetual motion machine (lat. Perpetuum Mobile) is an imaginary device that allows you to obtain more useful work than the amount of energy supplied to it. The self-propelled wheel of the German inventor Orfireus rotated for two months in a sealed room, the doors of which were guarded by grenadiers. During demonstrations, it not only rotated at a speed of 50 revolutions per minute, but also lifted loads of up to 16 kg. In 1725, Peter I was going to Germany to personally inspect a perpetual motion machine, which the inventor Orfireus agreed to sell to Russia for 100,000 efimki (1 efimok - about a ruble).

In 1775, the Paris Academy of Sciences made its famous decision not to consider perpetual motion projects due to the obvious impossibility of their creation. But until now, at scientific conferences in Russia and other countries, ideas about extracting energy from vacuum, pulsating fields (which eliminate part of the negative work in a closed loop), energy transformations when changing the internal structure of space-time, about the so-called “ free energy."

Some scientists manage to obtain patents for particularly abstruse inventions, where the patent office is not able to immediately recognize a perpetual motion machine. Moreover, great scientists of the past, including Robert Boyle and Johann Bernoulli, proposed their own designs for perpetual motion machines. Leonardo da Vinci devoted many years to the invention of a perpetual motion machine.

Perpetual motion machine of Bhaskara, 1150 g

The first mention in historical literature of a specific perpetual motion device dates back to 1150. The Indian poet, mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara in his poem describes a certain wheel with long, narrow vessels attached diagonally along the rim, half filled with mercury. The principle of operation of this first mechanical “perpetuum mobile” is based on the difference in the moments of gravity created by the liquid moving in vessels placed on the circumference of the wheel. As the author himself describes, “a wheel thus filled with liquid, being mounted on an axle lying on two fixed supports, continuously rotates on its own.”

The rotating wheel was often used in ancient perpetual motion machines. In a sense, the “eternal movement of the wheel” even had a religious meaning. Even in the Vedic religion, the wheel symbolized the divine principle. Science, already at the very beginning of its development, began to borrow some religious attributes for its own purposes, putting them into practice in the form of structural elements of various machines.

Various modifications of the Bhaskara wheel are found in the literature of Arab countries in subsequent centuries. In Europe, the first drawings of perpetual motion machines appeared simultaneously with the introduction of Arabic numerals, that is, at the beginning of the 13th century.

Drawing of one of the oldest perpetuum mobile projects in Europe (circa 1235) from the album of Villar d'Honnecourt

For some reason, there is no evidence that European engineers worked on perpetual motion machines in the ancient era, that is, in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, although they had enough qualifications and knowledge for such experiments. Probably, at that time there was simply no demand (public order) for an eternal source of energy. The energy problem was successfully solved by an unlimited number of slaves, available for use at any time practically free of charge.

Thus, in Europe, projects of perpetual motion machines appeared only after the 12th century. During the Renaissance, European scientists and inventors began to study this topic with renewed vigor. For example, Leonardo da Vinci devoted a significant part of his life to this. He started with the “perpetual wheel” schemes, known from past centuries, then tried to use the buoyant force of water, the water wheel, the Archimedes screw, with which the ancient Greeks raised water to irrigate fields. Naturally, Leonardo failed every time, but he did not give up for a long time. At one stage, the inventor made an accurate calculation of the moments of forces for the “perpetual wheel” project and came to the conclusion: “The total moment of forces rotating the wheel in one direction is exactly equal to the total moment of forces rotating the wheel in the other direction.” For its time, this was a serious scientific discovery. In fact, Leonardo da Vinci came close to discovering the law of conservation of energy. By the way, this law was formulated in 1842 by the German naturalist Julius Robert von Mayer, who at the age of 10 tried to construct a perpetual motion machine. At the age of 28, the scientist published the work “Notes on the forces of inanimate nature” in the journal “Annals of Chemistry and Pharmacy.” In it, he pointed out the equivalence of the work expended and the heat produced and thereby substantiated the first law of thermodynamics.

In the end, Leonardo also admitted that a perpetual motion machine cannot exist. In his notes there is a phrase: “I came to the conclusion that the existence of an “eternal wheel” is impossible. The search for the source of perpetual motion is one of the deepest misconceptions of man.”

Fortunately, in subsequent centuries, scientists did not listen to Leonardo da Vinci's conclusion. They continued their attempts to invent a perpetual motion machine, sometimes making remarkable scientific discoveries along the way.
Johann Bernoulli's perpetual motion machine is a brilliantly simple design (see picture on the left). A tube is lowered into a vessel containing a mixture of heavy and light liquids. The upper end of the tube is open, and the lower end is closed with a membrane that allows only the lighter liquid from the mixture to pass into the tube. Then, under the influence of the pressure of the heavier mixture, the light liquid in the tube will rise. If you correctly select the height of the tube, as well as the ratio of the densities of the liquids, the light liquid will rise so much that it will pour out of the tube. This will lead to an eternal cycle, and “thus the movement of the fluid will be eternal.”

Robert Boyle, like his colleague Johann Bernoulli, referred to the water cycle in nature - a supposedly real example of a perpetual motion machine. Bernoulli believed that the water cycle in nature is caused by the difference in the densities of salt and fresh water, but Boyle explained it by the action of capillary forces. The liquid rising through the capillary should, in the opinion of the inventor, pour back into the vessel if the length of the capillary is not too long.

As history shows, such attempts at “crazy” inventions really move science forward. This is the “perpetual motion machine” for science and technological progress. Unsuccessful experiments help us look at the problem differently, better understand the forces of nature and discover new previously unknown laws of nature.

For example, at the end of the 16th century, the Dutch mathematician and engineer Simon Stevin showed a drawing that could give the impression of a perpetual motion machine to uneducated fellow citizens. In this picture, the two balls on the right cannot seem to balance the four balls on the left of the vertex of the triangle. Thus, the chain of balls should supposedly rotate counterclockwise forever.

In fact, Simon Stevin found the condition for the equilibrium of bodies on an inclined plane - another scientific discovery.

In other words, scientists began to look for previously unknown laws of nature, including the conditions for the equilibrium of bodies, based on the postulate about the impossibility of perpetual motion. Now, looking at the diagram of the next “perpetuum mobile”, the scientist first of all asks the question: what forces did the inventor not take into account in his diagram of a perpetual motion machine?

Vacuum power plant N.A. Shesterenko (VEUSH) on Laval nozzles. For more details, see the author’s books “VEUSH. Vacuum energy generator" and "VEUSH and KNOW-HOW". Obtaining energy from the physical vacuum. Christ the Creator"

Inventors are still working on new designs for perpetual motion machines. Physics and chemistry have advanced significantly over the past centuries, so the authors of such inventions have a much richer “toolkit” for use. In their designs they use not only mechanical structures, but also the laws of hydraulics, conduct experiments with magnetism, use chemical reactions, try to apply the laws of quantum mechanics, etc.

Super-unit Clem engine

For some obsessive inventors, their work becomes their life's work, a fixation. These people are convinced that perpetual motion machines exist and have been invented several times before, but powerful corporations and national governments do not allow such inventions to proceed. The authors of such inventions allegedly often die under mysterious circumstances. In the inflamed logic of inventors, this is easy to explain: after all, the creation of a perpetual motion machine will forever change the course of human history, completely overturn existing ideas about science, change the order of things in economics and technology, and deprive the powers that be of sources of money and power.

Magnetic engine

Until now, dozens of applications for the design of a perpetual motion machine are submitted to the US Patent Office every year. The authors of modern inventions are sometimes smart and talented people who are distinguished by rich technical imagination and extensive practical experience, but they often lack basic theoretical knowledge of physics.

True, many modern “inventions” resurrect in one form or another technical ideas proposed in the Middle Ages, or even in the 12-13 centuries. For example, perpetual motion machines with a rotating rotor are still very popular. Pneumatic mechanisms, spring perpetual motion machines, hydraulics, chemical reactions, and electromagnetic fields are often used.

At first glance, some designs are even difficult to classify - whether it is a perpetual motion machine, or a truly working machine that uses some poorly understood physical processes. We can probably mention the design of the “impossible” EmDrive engine, which creates thrust in a closed loop. It was tested in the laboratory of the Space Center. Lyndon Johnson NASA. A scientific work describing this engine, which seems to violate the law of conservation of momentum, was independently reviewed and published in a reputable scientific journal, and experiments on Earth showed the actual presence of thrust.

EmDrive test facility in the laboratory of the Space Center. Lyndon Johnson NASA

The engine, operating on an incomprehensible principle, produces thrust even in a vacuum, where any thermal convection is excluded. Physicists put forward different explanations for how EmDrive works. Some say that the EmDrive cavity may produce pairs of photons that are out of phase with each other. Such pairs carry momentum in the direction opposite to the movement of the engine. And the interaction of such photons contributes to the emergence of an electromagnetic wave with zero polarization. Such a wave still transfers impulse. There is a theory that the thrust of EmDrive is a consequence of the emergence of a “quantum vacuum of virtual plasma” of particles appearing and disappearing in a closed loop of space-time.

The hope of finding a perpetual motion machine gives inventors enormous strength and energy for work. The most important thing is to channel this energy in the right direction. Then a by-product of their work could be real scientific and technical discoveries, like Leonardo da Vinci, Robert Boyle, Johann Bernoulli, Simon Stevin, Julius Robert von Mayer and other “crazy” inventors.

Like the Paris Academy of Sciences, the US Patent Office does not formally issue patents on the Perpetuum Mobile. This rule has been in effect for more than a hundred years. However, the International Patent Classification retains sections for hydrodynamic (section F03B 17/00) and electrodynamic (section H02K 53/00) perpetual motion machines, since the patent offices of many countries consider applications for inventions only from the point of view of their novelty, and not from the point of view of physicality. feasibility.

It’s good if work on a perpetual motion machine helps advance scientific and technological progress. But we regret to say that in most cases this is not the case. For some inventors, the obsession with perpetual motion is similar to a mental disorder. They say that this disease often develops according to a standard scenario: first, the “patient” tries to build his own version of the classic “eternal wheel” - a wheel, one side of which is always heavier than the other thanks to a system of levers, rolling balls, overflowing liquid, and so on.

A child’s work on such a mechanism can be a real help in his studies; it helps the student to warm up his interest in physics and the exact sciences. It is important not to cross the fine line when the belief in the possibility of creating a perpetual motion machine does not pass, but turns into an obsession throughout life.

Patents for perpetual motion machines. Organizations and centers for the study of free energy technologies

US Patents

3913004 October 14, 1975, Method and apparatus for increasing electrical power, Robert Alexander.
4975608 December 4, 1990, Switched Reluctance Motor, Harold Aspden.
5288336 Heat-to-electricity converter, Harold Aspden. see also patent numbers 5,065,085 and 5,101,632
4622510 from November 11, 1986, Parametric Electric Machine, Ferdinand Cap.
2912244 from 1959, Gravitational System, Otis Carr.
4006401 dated February 1, 1977, Electromagnetic generator, In Rivas.
3811058, 3879622 Permanent magnet motors.
2982261 McClintock air motor.
4595843 June 17, 1986, Rotating Magnetic Flux Transformer with Low Loss Core, Robert Del Vecchio.
4567407 dated January 28, 1986, Motor - Alternator, John Ecklin.
3368141 January 6, 1968, Transformer combined with permanent magnets, Carlos Garon.
3890548 June 17, 1975, Pulsed Capacitor Discharge Motor, Edwin Gray.
4595852 June 17, 1986, Electrostatic Generator, Robert Gundlach.
4831299 dated May 16, 1989, Unipolar Alternator, Yenakishi Haisaka.
4249096 February 3, 1981, Electric Dynamo, Barbara Nicox.
3610971 dated October 5, 1971, Electromotive Electric Field Generator, Williams Cooper.
4897592 dated January 30, 1990, System creating power from electrostatic field energy, Williams Hyde.
4151431 April 24, 1979, Permanent Magnet Motor, Howard Johnson.
4806834 February 21, 1989, Electrical Circuit of Inductive Conductors, Transformers and Motors, Earl Koenig.
3374376 March 19, 1968, Electric Generator, Raymond Cromrie.
3977191 August 31, 1976, Power Source...Robert Britt.
3670494, Method for converting atomic energy into useful kinetic energy.
4428193, System for extracting useful work from fuel. A mixture of inert gases circulating in a closed system is used as fuel.
4709323 November 24, 1987, Parallel Resonance Converter, Charles Lien.
5146395 September 8, 1992, Power Source Using Two Storage Circuits, Richard McKee.
4210859 dated June 1, 1980, Inductive device having two orthogonal windings, Paul Merestsky.
4500827 dated 19 February 1985, Linear Electric Generator, Thomas Merit.
4904926 dated February 27, 1990, Electric Magnetic Motion Generator, Mario Paciszynski.
4945273 July 31, 1990, High Efficiency Electrical Machine, Joseph Pinkerton.
4883977 November 28, 1989, Magnetic Power Converter, Dennis Regan.
4077001 Electromagnetic transducer with stationary elements having variable magnetic resistance, Frank Richardson.
5018180 May 21, 1991, Energy Conversion Using High Density Charge, Kenneth Shoulders.
4652771 from March 24, 1987, Transformer with magnetic flux oscillations, Theodore Speech.
4772816 September 20, 1988, Energy Conversion System, Jeffrey Spence.
4748311 May 31, 1988, Inverter with power source for chopper parallel resonant circuit tuned to twice the chopper frequency, Friedrich-Werner Thomas.
International patent H02K 31/00, 39/00 dated June 24, 1982, Closed part of a unipolar machine, Adam Trombley.
4835433 1987, Equipment for direct conversion of radioactive decay energy into electrical energy, Brown P.M.
US Patents for Electrogravity: 1363037 Goddard December 21, 1920; 2004352 Simon June 11, 1935; 2210918 Karlovitz August 13, 1940; 2588427 Stringfield March 11, 1952; 2231877 Bennet February 18, 1941; 2279586 Bennet April 14, 1942; 2305500 Slayter December 15, 1942.
English patent number 300,311 dated 15 August 1927, Device for producing force or motion by means of electrodes, Townsend Brown.
French patent number 1003484 dated 11/1951.
Electrogravity.
3187206 June 1, 1965, Electrokinetic Instrumentation, Townsend Brown.
3022430 February 20, 1962, Electrokinetic Generator, Townsend Brown.
3018394 January 23, 1962, Electrokinetic Transducer, Townsend Brown.
2949550 dated August 16, 1960, Electrokinetic Apparatus, Townsend Brown.
1974483 dated September 25, 1934, Electrostatic motor, Townsend Brown.
4687947 dated August 18, 1987, Electrical Power Conservation Circuit, Melvin Cobb.
4772775 from 20 September 1988, Generation of plasma flow in an electric arc, Sam Leach.
4432098 and 4429280, Information Transmission by Magnetic Vector Potential, Reynolds Gelinas.
UK, No. 547668, January 30 (September 7), 1942, Permanent Magnet Motor by Stanley Hitchcock.
UK, Application No.2282708A, Permanent Magnet Motor, Robert Adams, Harold Aspden.

Patents for splitting water and using it as fuel, including “cold fusion”

4394230 US patent dated July 19, 1983, Method and apparatus for splitting water molecules, Henry K. Puharich.
2251775 UK patent dated 20 April 1994, Thermoelectric conversion, Harold Aspden.
5288336 US patent, Thermoelectric conversion, Harold Aspden.

Organizations and centers for the study of free energy technologies

Russian Physical Society, 141002, Moscow region, Mytishchi, B. Sharapovskaya 3. Fax 095-2926511. Publishes magazines.
Institute of Free Energy, St. Petersburg, 193024, PO Box 37. Public organization, database on research in the field of gravity and alternative energy.
Academy for Future Sciences, P.O.Box FE, Los Gatos, CA 95031, USA.
AERI, Advanced Energy Research Institute, 14 Devonshire Mews West, London W1N 1Fp, Great Britain.
ADAS, Association of Distinguished American Scientists, P.O.Box 1472, Huntsville, AL 35807, USA. Fax 205-536-0411.
Borderland Sciences Research Foundation, P.O.Box 429, Garberville, CA 95440-0429, USA.
Center for Action, P.O.Box 472, HCR 31, Sandy Valley, NT 89019, USA. Publishes books, a magazine and distributes videotapes.
COSRAY, The Research Institute, Inc., 2505 South Forth Street East, P.O.Box 651045, Salt Lake City, UT 84165-1045, USA.
Delta Spectrum Research, Inc., 5608 South 107th East Av., Tusla, Oklahoma 74146 USA. Fax 918-459-3789. Database on commercial projects in the field of free energy, in electronic form - about 11 MB. Sends articles on NASA's work in the field of electrogravity:
Electrostatic levitator with feedback control; Hybrid contactless heating and levitator; Precision fabrication of electromagnetic-levitation coils and others.
Electrodynamic Gravity, Inc., 35 W. Tallmadge Ave., Akron, Ohio 44310, USA.
Fusion Information Center, P.O.Box 58639, Salt Lake City, Utah 84158-0369, publishes the cold fusion journal Fusion Facts, fax 801-583-6245.
Gravity Power Research Association, 36 Mountain Road, Burlington, MA 01803, USA.
GRI, Group Research Institute, P.O.Box 438, Nelson, New Zealand. Dr. Ashley Gray.
High Energy Enterprises, P.O.Box 5636, Security, CO 80931, USA. Fax 719-4750582. Published books by Tesla and the results of the work of his followers. International Tesla Society Books.
Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin, 4030 Braker Lane W., Suite 300, Austin, TX 78759, USA.
INE, Institute for New Energy, 1304 South College Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA. Published by New Energy News magazine, P.O.Box 58639, Salt Lake City, UT 84158-8639, USA. Access via EMAIL: [email protected].
Will send a collection of reports from the conference on developing free energy projects Denver Report’94.
Intergrity Institute, 1377 K Street, NW, Suite 16, Washington DC, USA. Fax 202-543-3069. Research on electrogravity, inertial propulsion, negative mass as an energy source.
Distribution of materials about T.T. Brown's work on electrogravity.
JPI, Japan Psychrotronic Institute, Dr. Shiuji Inomata, Electrotechnical Laboratory, 1-1-4 Umezono, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305, Japan.
Cosmic Energy Association, 37-2 Nisigoshonouti, Kinugasa, Kitaku, Kyoto, 603, Japan. Dr. Masayoshi Ihara.
Orgone Biophysical Research Laboratory, Inc., P.O.Box 1395, E1 Cerrito, CA 94530, USA. Fax 510-526-5978.
Quantum Biology Research Laboratory, Cotati Research Institute, P.O.Box 60653, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA.
PACE, Planetary Association for Clean Energy, Canadian Headquarters: 100 Bronson Av., Suite 1001, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada T1R 6G8. Fax 613-235-5876. European Representation in Germany:
Planetartsche Vereinigung fur Saubere Energie, Inc. Feyermuhler Strasse 12, D-53894 Mechernich, FRG. Fax 49-24438221, EMAIL [email protected]. Representative office in Latin America:
FUNDAPAC Allayme 1719, San Jose, Guaymallen, Argentina.
SEA, Space Energy Association, P.O.Box 11422, Clearwater, FL 34616, USA.
Tesla Book Company, P.O.Box 121873, Chula Vista, CA 91912, USA.
Tesla Incorporated, 760 Prairie Av., Craig, CO 81625, USA. Fax 303-824-7864. 300/1200/2400 modem for Tesla BBS by calling 719-486-2775.
ExtraOrdinary Science, Resource Guide, fax 719-475-0582. Official catalog of books, articles, videos and databases of the Tesla Society.
Explore Magazine, The New Dimension in Scientific Approach, P.O.Box 1508, Mount Vernon, Washington 98273, USA.
Electric Spacecraft Journal, P.O.Box 18387, Asheville, NC 28814, USA. Fax 704-683-3511.
Nexus New Times Magazine, P.O.Box 30, Maplepton Qld 4560, Australia. Fax 074-429381.
Cold Fusion Times Magazine, P.O.Box 81135, Wellesley Hills MA 02181, USA.
Infinite Energy Magazine, P.O.Box 2816, Concord, NH 03302-2816, USA. Published by Cold Fusion Technology, fax 603-224-5975, email: [email protected].
Journal of 21st Century Science & Technology, P.O.Box 16285, Washington, DC, 20041, USA.
Cold Fusion Magazine, 70 b Route 202N, Petersborough, NH 03458, USA.
Brown's Gas International, 5063 Densmore Av., ENCINO, California 91436, USA. Inventor of "Brown's gas", Yull Brown. Fax 818-990-4873 in the USA.
ENECO, Inc., 391-B Chipeta Way, Salt LAke City, Utah 84108, USA. Fax 801-5836245. Develops several power generation devices through cold fusion with both heavy and light water.
Robert Adams and Company 46 Landing Road, Whakatane, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Robert Adams, research on creating a permanent magnet motor-generator.
Methernitha, 3517 Linden, Switzerland. Manager Francis Bosshard.
Swiss Association for Free Energy, P.O.Box 10, 5704 Egliswilli, Switzerland.
Space Research Institute, Box 33, Uwajima, Ehime 79, Japan. Dr. Shinichi Seike. Fax 895-24-7325. Experiments on gravity and changes in the pace of time during the operation of free energy generators, measurements of chronal potentials.
Nuclear Power Corporation, 581 400 Karnataka, India. Project Director, Kaiga Project, Dr. Paramahamsa Tewari.
Cosmic Energy Foundation, Neptunuslaan 11, 3318 E1 Dordrecht Netherlands. Dr. Martin Holwerda, Director.
World Harmony, P.O.Box 361 Applecross 6153, Western Australia.
Another office for this group: U.S. World Harmony, P.O.Box 317, Rainier, WA 98576, USA.
Sabberton Research, P.O.Box 35, Southampton SO9 7BU, England, Dr. Harold Aspden.

They often talk about “perpetual motion”, “perpetual motion” both in the literal and figurative sense of the word, but not everyone is aware of what, in fact, should be meant by this expression. A perpetual motion machine is an imaginary mechanism that continuously moves itself and, in addition, does some other useful work (for example, lifts a load). No one has been able to build such a mechanism, although attempts to invent it have been made for a long time. The futility of these attempts led to a firm conviction in the impossibility of perpetual motion and to the establishment of the law of conservation of energy and the fundamental statement of modern science. As for perpetual motion, this expression means continuous movement without doing work.

§ 1. Details

* Bed
* Bracket-beam
* Front-vertical stabilizer (y+,y-;z+,z-)
* Horizontal damper (x+,x-)
* Rotor
* Drive accelerator

§ 2. Materials used

* Bed - dielectric, non-metal (porcelain, carbon fiber);
* Bracket - beam - dielectric, non-metal (porcelain, carbon fiber);
* Restrainers - dielectric, permanent magnet;
* Rotor - magnet, lead;
* Drive accelerator - magnet, lead.

§ 3. Description of parts

* Bed - ensures the integrity of the structure, serving as a platform for the assembly and operation of the unit;
* Bracket-beam - mounted on the frame, fixes the front-vertical damper;
* Front-vertical damper - limits the movement of the rotor along the “y” and “z” axes;
* Horizontal damper - limits the movement of the rotor along the "x" axis;
* Rotor - being in a space limited by magnetic fields along the x, y, z axes, it can perform rotational motion around its axis under the influence of the drive accelerator;
* Drive accelerator - drives the rotor.
§ 4. Operating principle

The rotor is driven by the drive accelerator, and, being in a space limited along the coordinate axes, has the ability to rotate only around its own axis. This is achieved through the action of sedatives. Permanent magnet U.p. acts on the plates of the opposite pole located on the rotor teeth. The magnetic field arising between these two poles causes the plates on the rotor to move away from the U.P., thereby causing the rotor to rotate. The shape of the teeth (angle of inclination, angle of attack) determines the direction (sign of the moment) and speed of rotation of the rotor. Being in zero gravity, the force of gravity will not act on the rotor, and if the unit is placed in a vacuum, the force of air resistance will not act on it.

§ 5. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the operation of the unit

A necessary and sufficient condition for the eternal operation of the unit is the presence of an airless environment (vacuum). The desired condition is the absence of gravity. In theory, the ideal case is that the unit is located outside the Earth’s atmosphere, in outer space.

* Be in the room where the unit is operating without radio protection equipment;
* Touch live parts of the unit;
* Touch the rotor;
* Try to stop the unit rotor on your own.

The described project surfaced many times subsequently in all sorts of modifications.
Published with abbreviations, read in full: http://www.lisenko.ru/handycraftindustry/information/perpetum

What types of perpetual motion machines exist?

Question: What types of perpetual motion machines exist?

Answer: None. But, despite this, there is a classification of perpetual motion machines.

Perpetual motion machine (perpetuum mobile) - is divided into perpetual motion machines of the first kind and the second kind. The reasons why they cannot be constructed are called the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The realization that the creation of a perpetual motion machine was impossible prompted the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1775 to refuse to consider all such projects (the reason was approximately the following: there is no such thing as a freebie).

A perpetual motion machine of the first kind was supposed to work without extracting energy from the environment.

A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is a machine that reduces the energy of a thermal reservoir and converts it entirely into work without any changes in the environment.
http://physkaz.8m.com/children/node15.html

PERPETUAL MOTION IN A WATCH

The French Academy of Sciences, which once refused to accept projects for perpetual motion machines, thereby slowed down technical progress, delaying for a long time the emergence of a whole class of amazing mechanisms and technologies. Only a few developments managed to break through this barrier.

One of them is a watch that does not require winding, which, ironically, is now produced in France. The source of energy is fluctuations in air temperature and atmospheric pressure during the day. A special hermetic container “breathes” slightly depending on changes in the environment. These movements are transmitted to the mainspring, winding it. The mechanism is thought out so finely that a change in temperature of just one degree ensures the clock runs for the next two days. If it is in good working order, this mechanism will function exactly as long as the Sun shines and the Earth exists, that is, almost forever.
http://www.prospekt.souz.sebastopol.ua/rio-vechnyi-dvigatel.htm

A perpetual motion machine and a flying saucer depot appeared in the State Duma

What do voters-inventors bring to deputies?

Oh, how many wonderful discoveries the State Duma archives are preparing for us! How many fantastic things lie on its dusty shelves. Here you can see a perpetual motion machine and a secret superweapon, a spring power plant and a flying saucer depot, as well as many hundreds of other crazy projects of Russian inventors.

I was led to this treasury of Russian thought by a document signed by the Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Science and Education, Alexander Shishlov. It seemed a little strange to me. I couldn't even believe my eyes. On a Duma form carefully registered by the office, the deputy dispassionately notified the unknown addressee: “Dear Alexander Ivanovich! In your letter to the State Duma, you set out your hypothesis about the catastrophic changes that took place on Earth as a result of the fall of a giant asteroid. The question you raised is not included in the range of issues referred by the Constitution to the jurisdiction of the State Duma."

Overwhelmed by a vague fear for the Earth and the Constitution, I flew into the above-mentioned committee like a giant asteroid. There they told me: “Ha! We have a lot of such goodness!” They showed me bulging folders with letters from other thinkers, and asked me not to worry about the asteroid. This voter A. Dubinin from the city of Rybinsk finally solved for himself the mystery of the death of dinosaurs.

Dubinin, of course, decided to inform the world about the discovery with the help of the Duma. As a result, the Science Committee was bombarded with letters that self-critically began with the epigraph “We sing a song to the madness of the brave” and ended with the proud signature “academic degree and title “Wise.” In them, the author introduces the deputies to the details of the history of the killing of dinosaurs by meteorite. “If the fall (meteor ita) happened during the day,” writes Dubinin, “then the Earth would have gone into interstellar space and turned into a wandering planet. If it had been at night, the Earth would have fallen into the Sun and burned." Our planet was lucky: the impact occurred in the area of ​​the pole. However, there was an ambush here too - the planet began to sway, which is why "the south and north poles began to change places." And they did it this is three times. “With such a rocking, the water began to move, and everything that breathed and moved, everything that grew and blossomed, everything died in the watery abyss.”

It’s hard to work with them,” committee member Mikhail Lobanov sighs heavily, “fortunately, security doesn’t allow inventors into the Duma.” We go out to them ourselves. The main thing here is not to turn your back on them... There was a story in Moscow twenty years ago, when one crazy inventor cut off the head of an innocent official. Sometimes you look at such a Kulibin and think: I wonder if he took a knife with him?

A perpetual motion machine on springs will replace the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station

Alas, the geniuses of the Russian land rarely spoil the Duma Science Committee with useful inventions. If the work is serious, the author is given the coordinates of the relevant institute. But more often than not, a conversation with an inventor resembles an anecdote.

Once a man came to the committee, says Mikhail Lobanov, with the development of a superweapon. Presents an official document that he was sent here by the FSB. We are, of course, terribly intrigued. We ask, where are the drawings? He is surprised: why? I, he says, invented the red button. You press it and all the enemy’s nuclear weapons explode. We are curious: how to do this? The guest, arms akimbo, says: “I brought you an idea. And your task is to implement it.”

The deputies are already accustomed to the ebullient energy and folk art. It is more difficult with the most legendary layer of creators - with the numerous inventors of perpetual motion machines. For the most part, these people are quite sane, but the desire to deceive the laws of physics drives them into a frenzy. For example, pensioner Pozdnyakov from Moscow is waging an unequal war with the whole world, defending his “energy converter” - a spring power plant that would provide more energy than the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station without any costs. He sent the deputies his book “The Third Patent War” - a multi-page chronicle of the enemies of technological progress walking through the offices. It began like this: “In my thoughts, during free hours, combinations of wheels, gears, and springs were built...” Now the pensioner’s inspiration, which came “in his free hours,” has to be studied by the committee and written for the thousandth time that “energy converter” is not included in the range of issues referred by the Constitution to the jurisdiction of the State Duma."

How aliens built a station on the Moon

And yet, sometimes deputies bring joy to unfortunate inventors. For example, one of them sent an enthusiastic letter to the committee: “I received your response on February 28, 2003. It was the first response received from a government agency in thirty (!) years of my repeated appeals to them.” And although the Russian genius then began to talk about aliens: “I remembered that an expedition to our solar system of our stellar neighbors built an interstellar communication station and a UFO depot on the Moon (after which he will probably receive a paper from the Duma that “the lunar UFO depot is not included in the circle issues related to the Constitution..."), - for the first time in my life I was happy for the deputies. They can, when they want, do something nice for the voter.

“But I still believe that the new Lomonosov will soon come to Moscow,” one of the committee employees admitted to me. - Otherwise, why the hell would I delve into these drawings and calculations!

And he pointed his finger at the thick folder of inventions of Russian voters.

EXPERT OPINION

Alexander SHISHLOV, Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Science and Education:

Inventions as such are not within our competence. The task of the Committee on Science and Education is to develop legislation to help the inventor at the state level. For example, by adopting the new Patent Law, we were able to protect intellectual property by establishing the priority of the inventor's right to the product he created. If we do not respect and support inventors, we will simply put an end to Russian science and industry.

Vladimir VORSOBIN
http://www.kp.ru/daily/23052/4394/

Perpetuum mobile

A perpetual motion machine, a perpetuum mobile (lat. perpetuum mobile, literally - perpetual motion), an imaginary machine that, once put into motion, would do work for an indefinitely long time, without borrowing energy from the outside. V. contradicts the law of conservation and transformation of energy (see Energy conservation law) and is not feasible. The ability to operate such a machine for an unlimited time would mean obtaining energy from nothing. The first projects of V.D. date back to the 13th century. (Villars d'Honnecourt, 1245, England; Pierre de Maricourt, 1269, France). The idea of ​​V. d. gained wide popularity in the 16th and 17th centuries, during the era of the transition to machine production; until the 19th century, the number of V. d. projects . steadily increased. The idea of ​​​​creating V.D. occupied not only self-taught dreamers with little knowledge of the basics of physics, but also some scientists. By the end of the 18th century, due to the futility of centuries-old attempts to implement V.D., the conviction of the impossibility became stronger among scientists its creation, and from 1775 the French Academy of Sciences refused to consider VD projects. In the mid-19th century, with the establishment of the law of conservation of energy and, the fundamental impracticability of VD was proven. Despite this, futile attempts to create VD were made by uninformed inventors and in subsequent times. In many VD projects, the force of gravity is used. An example of such a project is shown in Fig. 1. In such mechanisms, a certain heavy body makes a closed path; when it is lowered, exactly the same amount of work is returned as was expended to raise it. Therefore, such mechanisms can perform work only due to the initial reserve of kinetic energy imparted to them at start-up; when this reserve is completely used up, the flow will stop. More complex are VD projects, in which mechanical energy is converted into other types of energy (electrical, thermal, etc.). In contrast to mechanical VDs, they are called physical VDs. The design of such VDs is, for example, a combination of an electric motor and an electric machine generator (dynamo). But since no transformations of energy can increase its total quantity, V. d. of this type are also impracticable. The idea of ​​the impracticability of V. d. often served as the starting point for important scientific conclusions. Thus, S. Stevin in his<Началах равновесия>(1587) considers a chain of 13 balls thrown through a trihedral prism (Fig. 2). If the right side of the two balls were not balanced by the left of the four, the chain would spontaneously go into perpetual motion, which is not actually observed. From here Stevin derived the law of equilibrium of forces on an inclined plane. In addition to the indicated V. d., called V. d. of the 1st kind, they also consider V. d. of the 2nd kind - an imaginary periodically operating machine that would completely convert into work the heat it extracts from surrounding bodies (ocean, atmospheric air or other practically inexhaustible natural sources of heat). However, V. d. of the 2nd kind is also fundamentally unfeasible. Although it does not formally contradict the law of conservation of energy, it is in contradiction with the second law of thermodynamics. It should be distinguished from V. d.<мнимые>V.D. - mechanisms that operate using natural energy reserves (solar, nuclear, etc.). Such mechanisms can work for a very long time, but they have nothing in common with the idea of ​​V.D.
Lit.: Planck M., The principle of energy conservation, trans. from German, M. - L., 1938; Kudryavtsev P.S., History of physics, part 1, M., 1956.
http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/004/637.htm

Russian scientists have created a prototype of a “perpetual” engine

The Moscow Research Institute of Space Systems (NII KS) is developing a “perpetual” engine that can be used both in space and on Earth. “For several years now, the institute has been working on a so-called propulsion device without the release of reactive mass,” Valery Menshikov, director and scientific director of the Scientific Research Institute of CS, said on Wednesday.
According to him, “scientists have already created a prototype of an unconventional type engine.” “The movement of the experimental apparatus occurs due to the movement of a liquid or solid working fluid inside it along a certain trajectory, reminiscent of a tornado in shape,” Menshikov explained. “At the same time, in the resulting movement effect, we may be observing an unknown phenomenon of interaction of the working fluid with fields, the nature of which has been little studied, such as, for example, the gravitational field,” he added. “We have already managed to record a thrust of up to 28 g on the prototype, but it is only observed for a few minutes,” said Yuri Danshov, head of the department at the Scientific Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering. “It may seem that this value of thrust is extremely small, but if such thrust is applied to a satellite weighing 100 kg for 20 minutes, it will be able to raise its orbit by more than 2 km,” the scientist noted.
The operating life of such an engine will be at least 15 years, its developers claim, the maximum number of starts is about 300 thousand. Electricity from solar panels is used to power the engine. In order to maintain the purity of the experiment when measuring the thrust of the mock-up, experts believe, the device must be tested in space or dropped into a deep shaft, where the effect of weightlessness is created when falling. “Official science compares research in this area with attempts to create a “perpetual motion machine,” but the largest Western companies are dealing with this problem very seriously and investing significant funds in development,” Menshikov said. According to scientists near Moscow, the propulsion device can be used not only for controlling and correcting the orbits of spacecraft and orbital stations. “This environmentally friendly engine may be used in air and ground transport in the future,” Menshikov noted.
http://www.strana.ru/news/232242.html

Perpetual motion machine created

Today there are 20 devices operating in the world with an efficiency of 300-500 percent. 20 perpetual motion machines provide more energy than they consume, says Anatoly Akimov, director of the International Institute of Theoretical and Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. - Where do they get it from? From a vacuum. If a vacuum gives rise to elementary particles, then for physics there is not even a question of whether there is energy there. There is, you just need to be able to take it.
The simplest device is that of Professor Potapov, the testing of which I attended at NPO Energia. A vertical pipe through which an electric pump drives water. At first the water is cold. After 40 minutes - 90 degrees, impossible to touch with your hand. But there is no heater in the pipe.
The water rotates in a spiral. Of course, not everything is so simple: it is necessary to calculate the spiral itself, in a certain place to place a divider that turns the water into a straight flow. Result: the electric motor consumes 1 kW of energy and. The amount of energy released by water in the form of heat corresponds to 4 kW.
But these are toys. Energy can be extracted from a vacuum 10E81 times more than from a nucleus, which is the subject of thermonuclear physics. Moreover, if the best minds of humanity are unsuccessfully struggling with the problems of elementary particles, building giant accelerators tens of kilometers in diameter (they cost billions), then the first samples of “perpetual motion machines” are already working.
- Why don’t you sell the patent to industrialists and start mass production?
- The simplest samples are being produced. And then they approached us and offered us money. We, in turn, proposed creating an enterprise with 50:50 shares and starting production. This didn't suit anyone. New technologies are burying almost all the most profitable forms of business. There is a fear that patents will be bought not to be used, but to be shelved.

Non-existent perpetual motion machine

Before the law of conservation of energy was discovered, for centuries attempts were persistently made to create a machine that would allow more work to be done than the energy expended. It was previously called "perpetuum mobele".
A perpetual motion machine is an imaginary but unrealizable engine that, after being put into operation, performs work for an unlimited period of time.
This is how the remarkable French engineer Sadi Carnot wrote about the importance of a perpetual motion machine for humanity: “The general and philosophical concept of “perpetuum mobile” contains not only the idea of ​​motion, which after the first shock continues forever, but the action of a device or some collection of such, capable of developing an unlimited amount of driving force, capable of consistently bringing all bodies of nature from rest, if they were in it, breaking the principle of inertia in them, capable, finally, of drawing from itself the necessary forces to set the entire Universe in motion, support and to continually accelerate its movement. This would really be the creation of a driving force. If this were possible, then it would become useless to look for a driving force in streams of water and air, in combustible material; we would have an endless source from which we could endlessly draw."
Perpetual motion machines are usually constructed using the following techniques or combinations thereof:

1. Lifting water using an Archimedean screw;
2. Rise of water using capillaries;
3. Using a wheel with unbalanced loads;
4. Natural magnets;
5. Electromagnetism;
6. Steam or compressed air.

The idea of ​​perpetual motion was very popular in the Middle Ages. The possession of such a secret of such an engine seemed more tempting than even the art of making gold from base metals. Many people have dealt with this intractable problem. Among them there were even people with a good education for those times. It is known that many of Newton’s works contain designs for perpetual motion machines. Several sketches of the perpetuum mobile were also found in Leonardo da Vinci's notes.
The most common model of a perpetual motion machine, based on the use of a wheel with unbalanced loads (Fig. 1). The machine consists of two wheels (pulleys) placed at the top and bottom of a tower filled with water. An endless rope with light boxes attached to it is thrown over the pulleys. The author of the project assured that the boxes on the right in the picture, floating up under the influence of Archimedean force, make the wheels rotate. In place of the pop-up boxes, others will enter the water, maintaining “perpetual motion.”
Relatively few attempts have been made to create perpetual motion machines of the second kind. To operate a conventional heat engine, you must have a heater and a refrigerator. The task of creating a heat engine that could perform mechanical work using a heater seems very tempting.
It can be calculated that by cooling the world's oceans by just one degree, it is possible to obtain energy sufficient to meet all the needs of humanity at the current level of energy consumption for 14,000 years.
Engines that operate due to the difference in energy arising in time and space appeared a long time ago. Some of them operate on a very simple and quite clear principle. But there are also those that can be mistaken for perpetual motion machines of the second kind: figuring out why they work is not at all easy.
It is believed that the first such device was made by the Dutchman Cornelius Drebbel (1572 - 1634), a talented engineer and physicist. In 1598 he patented and nine years later demonstrated it to the English King James I<вечные>watches that did not require winding: their weights were raised by constantly changing atmospheric pressure.
In the early 60s. XX century The toy, which in the USSR received the name<вечно пьющая птичка>or<птичка Хоттабыча>(Fig. 2).
A thin glass bulb with a horizontal axis in the middle is soldered into a small container. The free end of the cone almost touches its bottom. A little liquid is poured into the lower part of the toy, and the upper, empty part, is covered on the outside with a thin layer of cotton wool. A decorative beak, a stand in the form of paws and a feather tail complete the look of a funny bird. Place a glass of water in front of the toy and tilt it, forcing it<попить>. And then something amazing happens: without waiting for a second invitation, the bird begins to bend down two or three times a minute and dip its head into the glass. Time after time, continuously, day and night, the bird bows until the water in the glass runs out.
The mechanism of this phenomenon is clear: the liquid in the lower container evaporates under the influence of room heat, the pressure increases and displaces the liquid into the tube. The upper part of the toy overweights, it tilts, and the steam goes into the bird’s head. The pressure equalizes, the liquid flows into the lower container. Now she outweighs and returns the bird to its original position. After some time, the process is repeated. At first glance, the second law of thermodynamics is violated here: there is no temperature difference,<птичка Хоттабыча>only takes heat from the air, i.e. it works due to<монотермического источника>. But this is only at first glance.
It is not in vain that the bird dips its head into the glass; the water from the wet cotton evaporates intensively, cooling the upper ball. A temperature difference between the upper and lower vessels arises, due to which<живёт>bird. If evaporation stops (the cotton wool dries out or the air humidity reaches the dew point), the bird, in full agreement with the second law of thermodynamics, will stop moving, and even Hottabych will not help it.
Many unfounded hopes have also been generated by simple household devices - air conditioners. Some of their models can not only cool the room, but also heat it, taking heat from the cold street air. Research shows that for every kilowatt of electrical power supplied to such a device, 2.5 kW of heat is released in the room - much more than from a simple heater. But this does not mean that the air conditioner violates the second law of thermodynamics. It just works like<тепловой насос>, like a regular refrigerator, which also<выкачивает>heat from the freezer into the kitchen.
And although electricity<тепловой насос>uses much more efficiently than a heater, at least half of it is still lost. The power of such<псевдовечных двигателей>very low: the differences in temperature and pressure at which they operate are too small. Therefore, they cannot compete with traditional energy sources and power plants and will not solve the world’s energy problems.
A perpetual motion machine is a romantic dream of ascetics who tried to give humanity unlimited power over nature, a coveted source of enrichment for charlatans and adventurers; hundreds, thousands of projects that were never implemented; ingenious mechanisms that seemed about to start working, but for some reason remained motionless. There is some kind of mystery hidden in the very idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine, something that makes people search and search for its secret.
http://tmn.fio.ru/works/72x/306/03/032.htm

PERPETUAL MOTION is not on a flat Earth

He who lives forever is forever right.
Don Yuan.

In all Encyclopedias of the World it is written:

“It is impossible to create a perpetual motion machine, since this contradicts the Law of Conservation and Transformation of Energy and.”
Just miss one word and the revelation above turns everything on its head.
It is impossible to create a perpetual motion machine on a flat Earth.. In fact, in my interpretation. The law on conservation and transformation of energy is interpreted as follows:
In the world, only what moves exists? Galaxy, Solar System. Earth: everything is in perpetual motion.
The Earth-Moon system serves as a clear confirmation of the essence of the Perpetual Motion Machine. The Moon not only revolves around the Earth forever, but also performs a gigantic job on our planet of moving the waters of the World Ocean: ebb and flow,
Artificial satellites of the Earth and the Sun are, in principle, perpetual motion machines created by the mind and hands of man.
It is difficult to believe that a person living in an eternally moving world and realizing this (!) will suddenly begin to assert that the Perpetual Motion System, i.e. There is no REALLY EXISTING WORLD, and there cannot be.
But there has always been and is an alternative to Chernobyl for Homo sapiens. You just need to admit that a perpetual motion machine exists in nature and learn to use its energy.
http://aids7miracles.narod.ru/vech_dvig.htm

Goodbye "perpetual motion machine". Long live free energy!

One cannot but agree that the expression “perpetual motion machine” in its modern interpretation has acquired the meaning of a mockery of luminaries at ignoramuses who do not know the basics of physics and dream of an abundance of energy out of nothing. The expression "perpetual motion machine" is a sad example of creating an effective ingrained negative label in a skillful counter-propaganda disinformation effort to impose necessary science and technology policies and contain technical information. Therefore, attempts to rehabilitate the concept of “perpetual motion” give only the opposite, negative result instead of promoting the use of advanced scientific knowledge and technologies. Stop banging your forehead against the wall, defending and justifying the “perpetual motion machine”! It's time to change the "defensive" tactics being imposed on scientists. Let official science now “justify” why it has brought modern theoretical physics to the point of absurdity, unable to explain anything, not to mention technologies that ruin Nature and threaten the existence of Humanity on Earth! .
My “epiphany,” my understanding of the real state of affairs in science and technology, was rapid and shocking. This was preceded by acquaintance with the works of V.A. Atsyukovsky, A. Chernetsky, R. Avramenko, V. Avramenko, A. Melnichenko and others. In the simplicity of his soul, at the beginning the patriot’s resentment was “strangled” that our brilliant scientists were the first to discover unlimited sources of energy and , create “perpetual motion machines”, improve fundamental knowledge, and no one not only in our country, but also abroad does not “beat the timpani”, does not “blow the fanfare”. Our ideological atmosphere at that time did not even give rise to seeds of doubt about the reason. There could be only one reason - “the blindness of bureaucrats from science”; there was a strong belief in the “good master”. Time passed, and “the master still didn’t come” - this was already strange, to say the least, especially since “perestroika” was in full swing. The shock came after gaining access to the world's scientific and technical information via the Internet.
It turns out that since the middle of the 19th century, along with traditional technologies and devices, there have been operating and patented a wide variety of so-called self-sustaining devices (from mechanical to electrical). Self-sustaining devices are devices that, after being put into operation, generated sufficient energy to carry out the technological process and maintain the operation of the device, i.e. not requiring additional energy and (fuel) from outside (Free Energy, Zero Point Energy, etc.). Moreover, the power expended to start the device could be many times less than the power received during its operation (devices with efficiency>1 (overunity)), which indicated exchange processes with the subtle environment (ether, physical vacuum), an environment that is always real a participant in the process, and not a passive spectator. And it was on these metabolic processes that these inventions were based - in John W.Keely - these are consonant waves of the ether (Sympathetic Vibration), in Nikola Tesla, Thomas Moray (T.H.Moray), Bruce de Palma (Bruce DePalma) is radiant energy.
Thus, it turns out that for more than a hundred years, Humanity has not been able to introduce technologies based on free energy and, i.e. not requiring the extraction and transportation of fuel, using the energy of the subtle matter of the environment - ether, physical vacuum.
One of the fundamental laws of the Universe is the law of freedom of choice. We all know its role and consequences in everyday life, but it plays an equally, and perhaps even more important, role in the development of science, when at the starting point of history science is faced with the choice of which development path to take. Official science has made its choice - it has declared that Einstein’s relativistic concept of empty space is the only true and unshakable one. In 1964, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences issued a closed resolution prohibiting all scientific councils and journals, scientific departments from accepting, considering, discussing and publishing works criticizing Einstein's theory. It was already possible to openly prohibit the publication of articles about “perpetual motion machines”; such a prohibition is contained in the open provisions of most physics journals and scientific councils, because The decision of the French Academy of Sciences (1775) to ban the consideration of any type of models of the so-called “perpetual motion machines” has not yet been canceled.
We, armed with the principle “don’t take anything for granted, only what you let through your consciousness,” will return back to the starting point of history and analyze whether this is really so.
John Worell Keely (1827-1898), an outstanding American naturalist of the 19th century, when told that he was wasting his energy trying to build a “perpetual motion machine,” was openly perplexed and answered: “Look around. In nature, endless (perpetual) motion occurs everywhere.” . Planets rotate continuously, life tirelessly revives and flourishes, molecules constantly vibrate, exciting countless vibrations of subtle media around them. How this is accomplished and how it is maintained is a special question, and for explanations here one must turn to the Creator. But this is the actual state of affairs. And Therefore, it is completely natural and legitimate to strive to master these eternal movements and put them at the service of suffering humanity.” Keely's words can be listened to because he not only defended such views, but also achieved amazing results in terms of practical application of them. Keeley mastered such elusive movements of ethereal media and built many mechanisms that operate using unknown and still hidden from our understanding of the deep energies of the universe.
Keely's laboratory was filled with numerous and completely incomprehensible structures with strange names, such as: Librator, Sympathetic Transmitter, etc. They included musical instruments (zither, oboe, etc.), as well as tuning forks, large and small organ pipes, hollow spheres, cones and disks, to which thin knitting needles made of gold and platinum were attached here and there. Separate and apparently independent blocks of this incredible design were connected by freely hanging silk threads, and one of them (the longest) stretched across the entire laboratory to a large (weighing a ton!), also not very clear mechanism, with wheels, cylinders and gears . Kili sat down at his workplace and touched the strings with a bow or fingers, producing the first sound. The entire system, which apparently was a complex and precisely tuned acoustic resonator, responded, began to sound, and suddenly - lo and behold! - a huge mechanism in the corner of the laboratory began to move by itself: wheels were spinning, pistons were knocking, etc. Kili awakened unknown energy and made it work!
In those days, no one doubted the existence of ether. It was thought of as a luminiferous substance and was considered absolutely necessary simply for the very existence of light (electromagnetic) vibrations.
John Keely believed that any material formation (“molecular aggregate”), no matter how small it may be, is in a state of continuous internal vibrations and excites something similar to sound vibrations in the space surrounding it. In addition, each such formation is capable of responding to vibrations coming from outside, and in a different way, depending on whether or not this external vibration is consonant with its own tone. If the vibrations of two bodies are consonant with each other, the bodies attract, but if there is dissonance in their sound, they avoid each other. All physical forces arise as a result of a certain coordination (or mismatch) of the wave characteristics of the vibrational fields that unite all things. Vibrations play the role of organizing and controlling everything. Moreover, the beginning is not energetic. Vibrations do not transfer energy, but only a stimulus to absorb or release it - that is, to transform it from latent forms into manifest forms. The energy itself is everywhere in the space surrounding us and penetrating us, and in unlimited quantities. Perpetual motion occurs everywhere and always. Energy reserves in nature are limitless. We do not create or waste this energy, but we can, having learned the laws, transform it into forms convenient for us. To do this, you simply need to coordinate the actions of individual “molecular aggregates,” and this can be achieved by achieving their consonance.
As we can see from the example of John Keely, at the point of choosing the path of scientific and technological development there was plenty to choose from!

Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) - "The Electric Prometheus", the "forgotten genius" as he was called, also harnessed the energy of the environment through electrical devices.
“Our task,” Tesla wrote, “is to develop means of obtaining energy from reserves that are eternal and inexhaustible, to develop methods that do not use the consumption and consumption of any “material” media. Now I am absolutely sure that the implementation of this idea will not just around the corner. ? The possibilities for developing this concept, which I am engaged in, lie precisely in using the clean energy of the surrounding space to operate engines anywhere on the planet" (1897).
Tesla also had to “fight off” the omnipotence of the label “perpetual motion machine”!
To understand Nikola Tesla's energy and environmental principles, it is necessary to return to the historical roots of electrical science. From Franklin's time until the early twentieth century, electricity was thought of as a liquid that flowed through conductors and, like the steam that powers steam engines today, could condense from that medium. The condensers of our day were then literally understood as refrigerators for storing cooled steam in accordance with those views.
Until the latest scientific paradigm shift, physicists believed that all matter consisted of some kind of primordial substance. This primary substance was the ether of Maxwell and Kelvin, which filled the environment.
Regarding temperature, Tesla wrote that “in the light of present knowledge we can liken the electric potential to temperature.” Creating an area of ​​lower temperature in a relatively higher environment means creating a stable lower electrical potential. Relative to the environment, the device that creates this area of ​​low voltage (pressure), relative to the surrounding space, can be considered as a self-cooling device.
In his article in Century magazine, Tesla raises the question of thermodynamics in a section entitled: "The Possibility of a Self-Sustaining Engine...Motionless, Yet Capable of Extracting Energy from the Environment." Tesla challenges the claim regarding the impossibility of refrigerated machines to be powered by heat derived from this medium with a simple thought experiment.
If two metal rods were stretched from the ground into outer space, the temperature difference between the ends of the rods would cause an electric current to flow through them, which could be driven by an electric motor. The result is a device that cools the environment and operates from the heat of this environment.
With this example, Tesla does not refute the Second Law of Thermodynamics, but shows the narrowness of its popular understanding. He does not deny the most basic condition, according to which energy flows from a warm environment to a cold one, from a high state of energy to a lower state. What Tesla does show by this is that a good design can make a device work using changes in the movement of energy and from a higher energy state to a lower one, without creating a "perpetual motion machine". Those. rational use of natural energy gradients and. He began his understanding of free energy precisely from this. Nikola Tesla proposed using the natural electrical potential gradient of the Earth (US Patent N685958).
Let's consider this issue in more detail. What is meant by the concept of perpetual motion? How is he criticized?
A “perpetual motion machine” is a self-sustaining system (device), i.e. which does not require additional energy from the object launching it for a long time after applying a one-time effort to its launch for its maintenance.
It is clear that the word “eternal” immediately emotionally cuts off all systems, because we cannot guarantee (support) anything for half a year, not to mention Eternity! Those. this expression is clearly a "swamp". And a thinking person himself can name quite a few examples of this class of devices and systems, from a simple pendulum to the rotation of the Earth and living nature. The second part is energy consumption. Calculation of energy costs is deliberately not considered, or when considered, it is replaced by the law of conservation of energy and, forgetting that this is the energy of the system (environment), and not the additional energy of the “launcher”, the key word here is the impossibility of “eternal”.
The second method, “perpetual motion machine” - the impossibility of devices with an efficiency greater than 1, they say, the conservation law is violated.
In this case, there is a balancing act of manipulating the concept of efficiency in the right direction (again replacing the “triggering” energy of the environment). Let me remind you that efficiency is a simple technical concept that characterizes the efficiency of a device (system). Efficiency is the ratio of the useful power of a device (Nп) to the expended power (Nз), or in other words, the useful work to the expended work. The key word here is useful, i.e. minimal participation in the processes of the “launching” object, and this is precisely what is forgotten.
Let us give some of the simplest and most obvious examples.
A hydraulic ram is a simple and ingenious water-lifting mechanism. Using minor natural gradients of potential and - the difference in liquid level (for example, from the slope of a river bed), a hydraulic ram lifts liquid to a height of several tens of meters, without using a motor or additional energy for its work.
The operation of a hydraulic ram is based on the so-called water hammer - a sharp increase (gradient) of pressure in the pipeline, when the flow of water is instantly blocked by a valve. A hydraulic ram works as follows: from a reservoir, under the influence of a natural hydraulic slope (pressure gradient), upon startup, water flows through a pipe into the device and flows out through the baffle valve. The flow speed increases, its pressure increases and reaches a value exceeding the weight of the valve. The valve instantly blocks the flow, and the pressure in the pipeline increases sharply - a water hammer occurs. The increased pressure opens the pressure valve, through which water enters the pressure cap, compressing the air in it. The pressure in the pipeline drops, the pressure valve closes, the pressure valve opens, and the cycle repeats again. The air compressed in the hood drives water through a pressure pipe into the upper reservoir to a height of up to 50 meters.
The first hydraulic ram was built in the city of Saint-Cloud near Paris by brothers Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier in 1796, 13 years after their famous hot air balloon.
As we see, the principle of operation of a hydraulic ram is simple - obtaining a potential gradient when interacting with an obstacle, while the constant natural pressure gradient (in space) of the reservoir is transformed into a pressure gradient in time, and since the duration of interaction of the flow with the obstacle is very short (water hammer ), then the resulting induced (secondary) pressure gradient in the pulse reaches very large values ​​compared to the primary triggering natural pressure gradient.
So, regulating the time of interaction of the flow with an obstacle - creating short dynamic pulses of interaction, ensuring the formation of very high pressure gradients in the pulse, makes it possible to increase the force of interaction (pressure) many times over, i.e. enhance the power of natural flow. This is exactly what was needed in the competition with energy-consuming technologies - high power devices!
Now we can return to the efficiency of such a device.
If we need to raise water from the river to the height we need, and in our natural channel due to the natural pressure gradient the water flow of the river simply flows out, does it do our useful work for us in raising the water? No!
If we place a hydraulic ram on this stream and it can lift us part of it (Q) to a height (H), we will be able to use this part of the water, for which we do not expend any power (Nз=0), in the required quality, and benefit. In this case, nothing beyond natural happens, all conservation laws work, but we get useful work from useless (or harmful, if it is flooding).
And since the pump efficiency is defined as the ratio of useful power (Nп) to expended power (Nз):

Efficiency=Nп/Nз=rgQH/ Nз=rgQH /0=?

Then its efficiency is much greater than unity and tends to infinity. This indicator is not very informative. And if we consider such a device as a power amplifier, then a more informative indicator would be the ratio of the permissible flow rates of liquid with the pressure provided by the hydraulic ram to the speed of the natural flow. The gain of such a device can reach several tens of times.
With such an unbiased approach to efficiency, you yourself can easily find many more examples around us.
For example, a siphon - a device for pumping water - in order for it to do useful work, you only need to spend work on filling it with water, then it works (does useful work) on its own, without additional intervention. You will immediately remember about the level difference (pressure), but the level difference existed before the siphon was launched and will exist (if the water does not run out) after, but it was a useless factor, not used usefully. Only in a siphon does it allow you to raise the liquid to the required height in order to overcome an obstacle without applying additional power, using only natural power to your advantage.
Or for example, a jet pump, a pendulum, wheel inertia, etc.
Let me remind you once again that if we are talking about efficiency, we should not replace it with conservation laws, as is always done, but see only the usefulness of using the system and its energy capabilities in our own interests.
Systems of this kind can, with a clear conscience, be called free energy devices.
Living Nature makes full use of this energy for its own benefit and is not decreeed by the ban on “perpetual motion”, and scientists from such a ban only throw up their hands in surprise why the cockchafer flies or there is a paradox with fish that develop more power than is theoretically possible.
That is, free energy is the rational use of energy and the system (environment).
So, by regulating the time of interaction of the flow with an obstacle, changing the dynamics of interaction, it is possible to ensure a significant increase and strengthening of the voltage gradient (and therefore power) of the process. If you enhance the natural gradient of the system, then this is already “free” energy, i.e. "eternal" as long as there is a natural voltage gradient, the engine. This principle can be implemented in devices that use, instead of water, any other fluid that has natural flows (voltage gradients in the environment) - air, temperature, electrical, biofield, etc.
So, starting with the use of the natural electrical gradient of the Earth's potential (US Patent N685958), Nikola Tesla, 100 years after the appearance of the hydraulic ram, created its electrical analogue - known as the Tesla transformer (US Patent N1119732).
We know that between different points in the Earth's atmosphere, located at different altitudes, there is a difference in electrical potentials. On average, near the earth's surface, the magnitude of the change in potential a with height is about 1.3 V/cm. Therefore, Nikola Tesla proposed placing one metal plate as high as possible above the surface of the earth, and burying the second into the ground. By connecting these plates with conductors to opposite plates of the capacitor, the capacitor can be charged. By connecting a spark gap and a primary coil to the capacitor, you can adjust the spark gap so that an electric discharge occurs between its electrodes and a current flows through the coil in one direction, which, after a quick discharge of the capacitor, stops and the capacitor begins to charge again. Process: charge - discharge - current pulse is repeated periodically. If you place a secondary multi-turn coil inside the primary coil, one end of which is connected to a grounded plate, and the other to a spherical electrode (terminal) or load, then the current pulse in the primary coil induces (induces) an amplified electrical pulse of high voltage current in the secondary multi-turn coil.
Having now compared the operation of the Tesla transformer and the hydraulic ram, one can be convinced of their complete analogy:

1. - Discharger - shock valve.
2. - The discharge in the arrester is a water hammer.
3. - Secondary coil - pressure manifold.
4. - The constant natural low potential difference between the air electrode and the ground in the primary circuit is converted into a short-term, but high electrical potential in the secondary circuit. Those. again it is obvious, on the basis of the natural free potential difference (pressure gradient), obtaining a high-power force impulse!

And so on in all areas, you just need to look at everything more broadly from a Unified position, and not blinker your eyes with the templates and prohibitions of “perpetual motion machines” imposed on us “from above.”
To replace the concept of “perpetual motion”, it is necessary to introduce new visual concepts supported by real examples from practice, for example, self-organizing, self-sustaining, living systems. A striking example of which are objects of living nature and vortex technologies - the works of Viktor Schauberger (1885-1958). The bottom line is that a flow, if properly organized in the form of a dynamic structure (examples of which are atmospheric vortices, tornadoes, Langmuir vortices in reservoirs), can simultaneously act as a pump that increases the energy of the flow generating it, given that both electricity and heat and light are flows of matter, then hydraulic models may well help us in understanding such “perpetual motion machines”. A clear and compelling example of such devices is a simple trout, which can stand almost motionless in a mountain stream, the speed of which is tens of meters per second! And no one noticed this paradox, but Viktor Schauberger noticed and developed a new direction in technology - vortex technologies, covering devices from power supply to flying saucers and ecology. In addition to trout, such anomalous energy manifestations are known as Gray’s paradox, who, having determined the energy capabilities of a dolphin and comparing them with the power necessary for its movement, came to the conclusion that the required power is seven times greater than the possible! And also May beetles and similar beetles, which theoretically cannot fly. A technical example of our days is the Potapov heat generator and others like it, sold here and abroad.
Why does it happen that energy-independent technologies are little known to anyone and no one needs them?
And all because inventors, scientists, science in general are hostages of the financial, political, social interests of the wealthy clan and hostages of money in general. A striking example here is Nikola Tesla. A brilliant scientist, on whose patents all electrical devices were actually introduced, from transformer substations of two-wire power lines to AC electric motors, having sold his patents for these developments, even before their implementation was completed, he developed the fundamentals of energy supply on the principles of not requiring devices for transmitting electricity and through wires, developed a number of methods and devices for generating electricity at any point in space using self-sustaining devices. But, alas, the flywheel of knocking out money from the funds invested in the electrification of countries has already started spinning, the taste of power over energy-dependent peoples has borne fruit. Nikola Tesla failed to introduce his free energy devices and fuel-free generators. The possibility of free use of energy did not suit those in power and his talent was directed to solving secret military programs. And a total duping of science began, its classification and disinformation. Those who disagreed were intimidated or physically destroyed. As a rule, these developments were transferred to the military department under the pretext of the country's national security and their civilian use became impossible or was of a purely militaristic nature.
All this made it possible to slow down the process of introducing environmentally friendly technologies that do not require the extraction and transportation of fuel for almost a hundred years, to polarize society into the poor and the rich, exacerbating social contradictions and bringing the Earth’s ecology to the brink of an abyss.
But science, just like a hundred years ago, stands at the same fork in the road and must start all over again, taught by bitter experience.
If the expression “perpetual motion machine” is a propaganda label, then the 2nd law of thermodynamics is already, figuratively speaking, a “gendarme” that reinforces the imposed official dogmatism, the “rut”. Real vortex self-organizing and living systems have negative entropy, i.e. According to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, they have no right to exist, but for some reason no one concludes that the law is incorrect! Because the use of incomprehensible mathematical concepts that need to be gotten rid of is also a technique of misinformation. After all, what does positive or negative entropy mean in physical language? It’s just a system that dissipates or concentrates matter, but banning the concentration of matter is more difficult than abolishing the existence of systems with negative entropy that no one understands! So they look for a defect in the device or explain it as a miracle of Nature. But, as St. Augustine correctly noted: “A miracle is not something that contradicts the laws of nature, but something that contradicts our knowledge of these laws.”
In the meantime, all living things fall into the category of “miracle” or exception to the 2nd law of thermodynamics. Judge for yourself, according to A. Leninger: “...living organisms are open systems... They are characterized by the so-called stationary state, which is a state of an open system in which the rate of transfer of matter and energy from the environment to the system is exactly balanced the rate of transfer of matter and energy and from the system. Therefore, the molecular logic of living things includes the position that a cell is a nonequilibrium open system, a machine for extracting free energy from the external environment (useful form of energy and utilized by the cell), resulting in an increase in the entropy of the environment ".
Schrödinger said that “a living organism is in a state of negative entropy, and therefore can preserve its internal structure only by drawing energy from its environment... The existence of life in general contradicts the second principle of thermodynamics, according to which the sum of energies in a closed the system remains unchanged... In living systems, negative entropy always occurs, the value of which is precisely a measure of the orderliness and organization of the structure... The state of entropy appears in living organisms only from the moment of their death." He further noted that this contradiction is apparent, but it is removed if we consider the organism in the cosmic system.
Apparently, the organism cannot be considered a closed system; it is characterized by autonomy, which provides for exchange with the external environment. The thesis about the equality of the transfer of matter and energy from the environment to the body and back is questionable. On the contrary, the body is able to accumulate energy and substances from the external environment, for example, in the form of fats and carbohydrates, and constantly spend them on updating its structure, while releasing energy into the external environment in the form of heat, radiation and waste products. The organism finally “settles” with the environment only after death.
It’s time to listen to the words of I. Prigogine expressed in a lecture at his Nobel symposium: “Classical thermodynamics, in essence, is the theory of “destruction of structure”? But classical thermodynamics must somehow be supplemented with the theory of “creation of structure” that is missing from it.
And take seriously the promotion and consideration of ideas about the dynamic formation of matter, which can raise science to a qualitatively new unifying level of knowledge and overcome the crisis.
Vladimir Berdinskikh

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