Signals between rescuers. International distress signals: useful tips. Actions to take when detecting alien distress signals

Currently, there are many special technical means and systems for sending and receiving distress signals. This includes the International Space System for Searching for Emergency Ships and Aircraft (COSPAS-SARSAT), automatic radio beacons and other radio systems. Various pyrotechnic signaling devices—signal, lighting, and smoke flares—have become widespread.

However, in a situation of forced autonomous existence, these funds are unlikely to be at hand. Therefore, we will consider methods of sending distress signals, the implementation of which is possible without the presence of special technical means.

Signal fires. This is the simplest and most accessible way of signaling, which has been used by some peoples from time immemorial to the present. First of all, you need to choose a place convenient for fires, clearly visible both from the ground and from the air. Open spaces - clearings, wide clearings, lakes - are suitable for this purpose. It is better if the place chosen for fires is on a hill. It should also be remembered that this place should be close to the victims’ camp.

To attract the attention of rescuers, you need to light not one, but several fires. It is customary to light three fires located on the same line or at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. Such figures are international distress signals (Fig. 152). Five fires forming the letter T indicate a place suitable for landing an airplane or helicopter.

The distance between fires should be at least 30 - 50 m.

Methods for equipping signal fires are shown in Fig. 153.

At night, a fire lit in a shelter is clearly visible (Fig. 154). This option can be used if the victims have polyethylene, light, transparent fabric or a parachute.

As a last resort, you can set a free-standing tree on fire, taking precautions to avoid a forest fire.

Preparing fires should be started as soon as the first necessary steps have been completed or there are free people. At each fire you need to prepare a good supply of reliable kindling and firewood, covered in case of bad weather. It should be remembered that a fire ready to be lit and a sufficient supply of firewood is a guarantee of sending a reliable signal to rescuers who come out or fly out to help the victims. For quick, guaranteed lighting of signal fires, it is necessary to place guards around them to support the so-called small pilot fires.

On heavily moist soil, signal fires should be placed on log decks (Fig. 155).

Fires lit on rafts set some distance from the shore and secured with anchors or tied with ropes are clearly visible (Fig. 156).

Smoke signals are most effective on clear, calm days. Moreover, they are visible at a distance of up to 80 km. To increase the amount of smoke, you need to throw raw branches and grass (prepared in advance) into the fire. However, in winter and in inclement weather in summer, such smoke is hardly noticeable. At this time of year, black smoke is clearly visible. For this you can use rubber, plastic or car oil.

At night you need a bright fire made of dry wood. A pilot can see such a fire at a distance of up to 20 km. From the ground it is visible at a distance of up to 10 km.

If for some reason it was possible to make only one fire, then it is recommended to periodically cover it with a piece of cloth or thick spruce branches. Such a pulsating fire attracts the attention of rescuers better than a constantly burning one.

A good effect for detecting a location is achieved by using a signal mirror - a heliograph. The brightness of the light signal “bunny” of such a mirror at a sun angle of 90° reaches approximately 7 million candles. The flash of such a mirror is visible from an airplane flying at an altitude of 1 - 2 km, from a distance of 20 - 25 km.

The simplest signal mirror can be made from a metal plate, polished on both sides. The signal detection range will depend on the degree of polishing of the surfaces. In the center of the plate you need to make a hole with a diameter of 5 - 7 mm. Through the hole in the plate you need to observe the plane that appears (Fig. 157).

After this, without losing sight of the object, you should turn the mirror towards the sun. Having found a sunbeam (light glare) appearing on your face or clothing, you need to turn the mirror to align its reflection on the back of the mirror with the hole. In the position when the reflected solar flare is aligned with the mirror hole, the light signal is directed at the aircraft. Giving signals in this way is a complex task and requires preliminary training. Even without seeing or hearing the plane, you can periodically run a light “bunny” along the horizon line.

As a reflective surface, you can use the reflective materials at hand - tin, metal

Russian foil (including chocolate wrapper), an ordinary pocket mirror. If the victims have a sufficient supply of foil, then pieces of it can be hung on tree branches. Reflecting the sun's rays from different angles, they will attract the attention of rescuers from afar. For the same purpose, you can lay out pieces of foil along the hillside. Before this, the foil must be slightly wrinkled, creating many reflective planes located at different angles.

Rescuers have developed and use the International Code Table (Fig. 158).

Signals are posted in places that are clearly visible from the air - in clearings, unforested hillsides. Recommended signal sizes are at least 10 m long, 3 m wide and 3 m between signs. To make signs, you can use any materials available to victims. The main requirement is that they should stand out well on the earth's surface. Suitable items for posting signs include clothing, tents, sleeping bags, life jackets, etc.

If there is no equipment, a signal sign can be dug by removing the turf and laying it (upside down) next to the trench, increasing the width of the sign. A sign lined with spruce branches is clearly visible in the snow. Examples of sign equipment are shown in Fig. 159.

If the aircraft descends significantly, the International Aviation Emergency Signal Signs can be used (Fig. 160).

Responses from the aircraft may be as follows (Fig. 161): I see you - a turn in the horizontal plane (a circle above the detected people) or a green rocket.

Expect help on the spot, a helicopter will come for you - a figure-of-eight flight in the horizontal plane or a red rocket.

Go in the indicated direction - an airplane flying over those in distress in the direction of travel or a yellow flare.

Got you - swinging from wing to wing or a white rocket. At night: turn on and off twice

landing lights or navigation lights. The absence of these signs indicates that the sign given from the ground is not accepted.

I don’t understand you - snake flight or two red rockets.

Indicate the landing direction and landing location - a dive followed by a turn or two green rockets.

Information signals (Fig. 162). They are used when it is necessary to leave a disaster zone or camp.

In this case, you should always leave a clearly visible sign - an arrow indicating the direction in which the victims left. It is also necessary to mark the route with some signs.

OLYMPIADS PRACTICAL ROUND TASKS

Middle age group (9th grade)

Section 1. “Providing first aid to the victim”

Task 1. During a chemistry lesson, a student violated safety precautions when working with hydrochloric acid and received a 1-2 degree burn on his forearm. The first aid kit contains: bandage, citric acid, soda, soap.

Exercise: provide first aid.

Conditions: performed as an extra without the right to attract an assistant.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Remove acid-soaked clothing.

2. Rinse the affected area generously with a stream of running water.

3. Wash with a neutralizing solution (soda, soap).

4. Apply a sterile bandage.

5. Consult a doctor.

Assessment of the task. 10 points.

Task 2. In the courtyard of a multi-storey building on a playground, a girl was hit on the head with a metal swing seat. The girl is conscious, blood is flowing from a wound on her head in the crown area. Provide first aid to the victim.

Equipment: robotic simulator "GLASHA", a complete first aid kit (set of dressings, antiseptics, cooling pack, scissors, etc.), telephone.

Notes: performed with the right to attract assistants. In the absence of a robotic simulator, “GLASHA” is performed by extras .

Completing the task:

1. Perform wound tamponade. 2 points

2. Apply a bandage. 5 points

3. Apply cold to the head ( The use of cold significantly reduces the rate of edema development).2 points

4. Call an ambulance. 1 point

Maximum score 10 points, every action assessed separately.

Task 3 The man walking in front of you screamed and fell; The convulsive twitching of the limbs had stopped by the time you approached. Upon inspection, a bare electrical wire is visible, clutched in his hand, hanging from a pole. What is the sequence of your actions?

Exercise: provide first aid.

Conditions: performed on the robotic simulator “GOSHA” without the right to attract an assistant.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Approach the victim with a sliding step (without lifting your feet from the ground).

2. Remove the high-voltage wire using non-conductive objects.

3. Grab the victim by the clothes and drag him to a distance of at least 10 m from the wire.

4. Determine the pulse in the carotid artery and the reaction of the pupils to light.

5. If there is no pulse, begin resuscitation.

6. Call an ambulance.

Assessment of the task. Full compliance with the task execution algorithm is assessed at 10 points. If at least one mistake is made from those listed in the table, the task is considered incomplete and is scored 0 points.

Section 2. “Survival in the natural environment”

(maximum score - 40 points)

Task 1. Determining the azimuth to an object using a compass.

Conditions: Using the judge’s compass, determine the azimuth to the 3 objects indicated by the jury member. The azimuth is determined with an accuracy equal to the division value of the compass rotary scale.

Required equipment and materials: judge's compass.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. The participant in the starting position receives a compass from a member of the jury.

2. Determines the azimuth to the 3 objects indicated by the jury member using a compass.

3. Informs the jury member of the results of determining the azimuth.

If 3 mistakes are made, then 1 point is awarded for completing the task - for attempting to use the compass. For refusal to complete a task – 0 points.

Assessment of the task. Maximum score for a correctly completed task - 10 points.

Task 2. Overcoming a narrow corridor - a “mousetrap” hole.

Conditions: Corridor length up to 5 m; width up to 80 cm; number of gates – at least 7; the distance from the crossbars to the ground is from 35 to 40 cm; the crossbars and posts are not secured.

Algorithm for completing the task: The participant, at the command of a jury member, crawls through a zigzag corridor of uneven heights from a gate with falling slats, a “mousetrap”.

Assessment of the task. 10 points.

Task 3. Practical use of firewood for cooking over a fire in several pots at the same time. Create a mock-up fire for this situation.

Equipment: wooden sticks (“logs”) with a diameter from 30 mm to 50 mm, a length from 300 mm to 500 mm – 4 pcs. and 1 “log” with a diameter of 50-100 mm.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. The participant, being in his square, puts together a model of one type of fire from those used to solve this problem.

2. Upon completion of the task, the fire is dismantled.

Assessment of the task. The participant must build a model of the “Taiga” fire (Fig. 1).

Long lasting bonfire. Gives a big hot flame and a lot of coals. Good for cooking food in several dishes, for drying clothes and for overnight accommodation for a large group of hunters. As can be seen from the picture, several thinner logs are placed on one thick log. In this case, they are laid with only one end and always on the leeward side.

The maximum score for a correctly completed task is 10 points.

Task 4. Transmitting distress signals using gestures

Conditions: Show with a gesture for the control time (15 seconds - the same for boys and girls) the “Signal value” selected by the participant from among the upside-down cards on the table (Annex 1).

Algorithm for completing the task:

· the participant selects one card on the table with the sign “Signal Value” (Appendix 1) and reads the “signal value” (at the moment when the participant takes the card, the jury member starts the stopwatch);

· the participant shows a distress signal with a gesture; if the pose is taken in a lying position, a mat prepared for this purpose must be used on the floor;

· the readiness of the gesture is confirmed by the participant with the word: “Yes” (at this moment the jury member turns off the stopwatch).

Assessment of the task. The maximum score for a correctly completed task is 10 points.

Annex 1

№	Signal value	Method of execution
	We are in place, we can’t move, there are casualties, we need a doctor	Reclining figure of a man face down
	Need food and water	Squatting human figure
	Show the easiest and safest route to travel	A squatting figure of a man with his arms extended forward at shoulder level
	Let's go in this direction	A human figure standing at full height, arms extended forward at shoulder level in the direction of movement.
	You can land here	The figure of a man stands at full height, both arms are raised up, spread somewhat to the sides.
	You can't sit here, it's dangerous.	A human figure standing at full height, one arm raised up and slightly to the side, the other hand released down along and also slightly to the side, as if forming the letter N - “no”
	I didn’t understand you, repeat the signal	A human figure standing at full height, arms raised up and folded crosswise
	I understand, I comply	The figure of a man stands at full height, the right arm is extended to the side at shoulder level, the left is lowered down along the body.
	Requires map and compass.	A human figure standing at full height, arms down along the body.
	Special equipment (ropes, hooks, carabiners, etc., depending on the type of tourism) is lost or has become unusable.	A human figure standing at full height, both arms at shoulder level, extended to the sides
	Need medicine	A human figure standing at full height, one of the arms extended forward at shoulder level
	We need a radio station and power for it	The figure of a man stands at full height, his arms are lowered down and folded crosswise in front of the body.

Rice. 2. Cards with images of signals

Section 3. “Actions in emergency situations”

natural and man-made"

(maximum score - 30 points)

Task 1. Actions upon detection and extinguishing of a fire using primary fire extinguishing agents.

Conditions: An electrical appliance (computer monitor, TV, kettle) caught fire in the room. The participant must: upon discovering a fire, call the fire department by telephone; put on a gauze bandage and protective gloves; determine the type of primary fire extinguishing agent and use it to eliminate the source of fire.

Equipment: a container with water, a container with sand, a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, a telephone, a sign with the address of the premises.

Algorithm of actions:

1. Call the fire department.

2. Put on a gauze bandage and protective gloves.

3. Select the correct primary fire extinguishing agent (a container with water, a container with sand, a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher).

4. Eliminate the source of fire.

Task 2. Actions in an emergency situation in the area of ​​an accident with an ammonia release.

Equipment: Civilian gas masks GP-5 or GP-7.

Condition: the distance covered by the chemical contamination zone is determined by the regional subject-methodological commission, depending on the conditions and location of the practical tour.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. being at the starting line “start”, at the command of the jury member “Put on personal protective equipment”, the participant puts on a civilian filtering gas mask (GP-5 or GP-7);

2. at the direction of the jury member about the direction of the wind and at the command “Overcome the zone of chemical contamination”, the participant runs through the contamination zone and runs to the finish line.

Assessment of the task. The maximum score for a correctly completed task is 10 points.

Task 3. Water rescue.

Conditions: Opposite the control line marked on the floor, at a distance of 7 and 9 meters parallel to each other, gymnastic mats “targets” (the drowning zone) are located. At the control line there is a lifebuoy and the end of the Alexandrov. Participants must hit one or the other “target” using the lifebuoy and the end of the “Alexandrov” in sequence (two attempts are given).

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. The participant throws a lifebuoy into the “drowning person” zone, located at a distance of 7 m from the control line.

2. The participant throws Alexandrov’s end into the “drowning man” zone, located at a distance of 10 m from the control line.

Assessment of the task. The maximum score for a correctly completed task is 10 points.

Evaluation points: maximum – 30 points; actual - ____ points

TOTAL SCORE FOR COMPLETING TASKS OF THE PRACTICAL TOUR _____

All tourists, and not only, may be unlucky at least once: they fall behind the group, get lost in the forest, go astray, get injured and are unable to move independently. Therefore, each of you would do well to know the generally accepted distress signals that will help you attract attention in an emergency or even recognize these signals and help others.

Types of distress signals:

- Visual in open areas: reflection of the sun from a shiny surface - a “sunny spot” can be reflected from a mirror, foil, candy wrapper, tin can, etc. Flashlight light (at night), camera flash, fire from a fire (at night), smoke from a fire (during the day), a flare, signs made of branches or stones laid out on the ground, bright things or bags hung on trees.

- Visual on the water: different dyes that color water.

- Sound: whistle (better if there is a whistle), shots from a firearm or signal weapon, shouting, etc.

- Radio signals: radio station (walkie-talkie), mobile phone, direction finder, etc.

There are universal distress signals. For mountains this is a 6-1 type signal, that is, 6 short signals in a row, then a long pause. Signals are given by any means, for example, 6 short whistles, a pause, or 6 short flashes of a flashlight, a pause, etc.

In other conditions (not in the mountains), a signal of type 3-1 is used (three short ones - a pause).

In order for your signal to be recognized as a distress signal, it must be triple- be it three flashes of a lantern, three whistles, three fires. If the signals are dynamic (whistle, flashlight, etc.), you need to pause for a minute between them, and then repeat them again.

Signal fires you need to kindle in the form of some figures, and not at random, and the distance between them should be about 30-50 meters. The international distress signal will recognize fires laid out three in one line, or forming regular triangle. At the same time, 5 fires in the shape of the letter T will indicate a safe place to land.

For visual signals posted on the ground, there are special signs shown in the table below. Signs are made from available materials (branches, stones, things, etc.). Their size must be large enough to be clearly visible from the air.

There are also special signals that pilots show with their hands to rescuers (it is advisable to have bright things in your hands that are clearly visible from the air):

1) Please take me on board
2) Technical assistance required
3) It’s comfortable to sit here
4) Everything is fine
5) I understand you, I comply
6) I have a radio station
7) It’s dangerous to land here
8) I can’t move. Medical assistance required.
9) Ready to accept the pennant, message.
10) Yes
11) No.

International signals - These are generally recognized signals of a request for help. Distress signals are needed to communicate that people or vehicles (most often sent by ships) require help or are in danger. A distress signal, as already written above, can be an audio, radio, pyrotechnic, light or smoke signal. Here are some of them:

- SOS(...---...) using Morse code it is transmitted as follows: 3 dots, 3 dashes, 3 dots (three long signals - pause - three short - pause - three long). From the English “Save Our Souls”. These letters were generally recognized due to the rather easy sequence

- CQD (-.-.--.--..) Translated from English, “Come immediately, danger (Come Quickly, Danger!).” Its official meaning is “All posts, alarm!

International radio signals look like this:

- Mayday! Mayday! Mayday! (Mayday! Mayday! Mayday!) Repeated three times. Translated from French as ( m"aidez)- help. It is used in cases of serious danger.

- Pan-pan, Pan-pan, Pan-pan (Pan-pan, pan-pan, pan-pan) Repeated three times. Translated from French as ( panne)- breakdown. Use it for less serious danger than Mayday!

International maritime distress signals:

If you yourself saw a signal for help, then you need to do everything in your power to help people in trouble. The most experienced members of your group should be sent to the disaster site, since random and thoughtless actions of the inexperienced can lead to an increase in the number of people who need help. The remaining members of the group must prepare an “emergency” camp: put up tents, light a fire, boil water, prepare the available first aid kits and set up distress signals around the camp.

REMEMBER! A signal for help should be given ONLY in a hopeless situation, if there is a real threat to the life or health of people!!!

A distress signal is a message asking for help, sent using information, light, gestures and other embodiments from victims. If you find yourself in an extreme situation, you need to find a way to escape as soon as possible, and to do this you need to give a noticeable sign so that other people from the air, land or water can notice it. When it comes to survival, it doesn’t matter where help comes from, the main thing is to give a clear sign that it is needed, especially if the person needs medical help.

Depending on the method of presentation, the means used, and the focus on the object, there are the following types of distress signals:

1. Light. This type includes distress signals sent using objects that reflect light or illuminate the area.
2. Smoke
3. Gesturing: used to provide signs that will be noticed by helicopter pilots during a significant descent.
4. Informational: used when it is necessary to indicate the need to leave the disaster site (camp) with directions.
5. Visual on water: dyes are used to color the water.
6. Sound: whistle, shouts, shots from weapons, firecrackers.
7. Radio signals using direction finders, mobile phones, radio stations.

Distress Signaling

Submitting distress signals using special means

When planning a dangerous trip where there is a possible risk of disaster, you should always prepare an emergency kit of special technical equipment in case of disaster. This includes:

• flare
• Signal buoy
• Whistle
• Mirror (heliograph)
• Direction finder or radio station
• Travel waterproof matches
• False fires
• Lantern stick

Distress signal - rocket

If you have a radio with you, it usually only works on level ground. Signal flares are convenient for signaling distress in forests, mountains, and also in poor visibility in certain weather conditions. To give sound signals over long distances, especially in areas with scattering sound, a regular whistle helps. A signal buoy and a sea marker will be needed if you get into trouble on the water. The marker colors the water surface with a rich green or orange color, which helps to notice the signal from above. A plastic flashlight stick illuminates the space for about 10 hours, but it will only help you notice yourself at a short distance. A special mirror, a heliograph, is used to reflect the sun's rays. The brightness of the light sign when the beam is reflected at 90 degrees reaches the visibility of rescuers from a helicopter flying at an altitude of 1-2 km from a distance of 20-25 km.

How to send a distress signal without using special means

When in distress in the wild, items designed to directly signal for help are not always at hand. In such a situation, you need to know how to send a distress signal using available materials to create signs.

• Sending distress signals using a mirror. When you don’t have a heliograph at hand, you can use any object with a good reflective surface - a lady’s mirror, foil, a tin can, a watch. This method is only effective in good weather. By reflecting the sun's rays, you can create intermittent sun glare or Morse code characters.
• Signal fires. The location for creating the sign should be visible both from the ground and from the air; preferably, it should be in a field or on a hill, and not far from the camp of the victims. To attract attention, several fires are lit, which are located at a distance of 30 or 50 meters from each other in one straight line or in the shape of a triangle. These figures are among the international distress signals. If you lay out the letter “T” with fires, this place will mean a landing place for a helicopter or airplane. At night, you can use one fire made of dry wood, cover it from time to time with a piece of cloth or large branches so that it appears to flicker. Such a fire is visible from a distance of 10 km from the ground and attracts more attention than one that burns for a long time.
• If there is no wind, smoke signals can be used. To do this, a fire is built and raw wood or grass is thrown into it. In bad weather and in winter, such smoke is hardly noticeable, so at this time it is better to add rubber, oil or plastic to the fire. This will produce black smoke that will be much more noticeable.

International distress codes

There are generally accepted distress signs that are understood internationally. Knowing these signs, rescuers from any country speaking any language will be able to understand them and help the victims. These include hand-signed international distress signals, as well as codes that the distress signal table includes. Signs should be clearly visible, which means they should be located on hills or clearings. Signal symbols must be at least 10 meters long, 3 meters wide and the distance between signs must be at least 3 meters. To lay out symbols, you can use anything that will be noticeable on the surface of the earth: clothes, life jackets, tents, etc. They can also be dug by removing turf, which can be laid nearby, increasing the width of the characters. In winter, signs can be laid out in the snow using spruce branches. There is a special table of distress signals, in which the codes are deciphered using graphic symbols.

When conducting RPS, rescuers often have to carry out tasks far from populated areas, spend several days in “field conditions”, and face a variety of extreme situations, which places additional demands on their ability to work in these conditions. Solid knowledge in various fields and the ability to use them in any conditions are the basis of survival.

Going to the PSR, rescuers must, along with tools and protective equipment, have the following set of necessary items, which can be useful in any climatic and geographical zone:
- a signal mirror, with which you can send a distress signal at a distance of up to 30-40 km;
- hunting matches, a candle or dry fuel tablets for starting a fire or heating a shelter;
- whistle for signaling;
- a large knife (machete) in a sheath, which can be used as a knife, axe, shovel, spear;
- a compass, a piece of thick foil and polyethylene, fishing accessories, signal cartridges, an emergency kit of medicines, a supply of water and food.

Signaling. Rescuers must know and be able to apply special signals in practice. To indicate their own location, rescuers can use fire smoke during the day and bright light at night. If you throw rubber, pieces of insulation, or oily rags into a fire, black smoke will be released, which is clearly visible in cloudy weather. To obtain white smoke, which is clearly visible in clear weather, green leaves, fresh grass, and raw moss should be thrown into the fire.

To signal from the ground, an air vehicle (plane) can use special signal mirror. It is necessary to hold it at a distance of 25-30 cm from the face and look through the sighting hole at the plane; turning the mirror, align the light spot with the sighting hole. If a signal mirror is not available, objects with shiny surfaces can be used. To sight, you need to make a hole in the center of the object. The light beam must be sent along the entire horizon line even in cases where the noise of the aircraft engine is not heard.

at night for The light of a hand-held electric flashlight, a torch, or a fire can be used for signaling. A fire lit on a raft is one of the distress signals.
Good signaling means are brightly colored objects and special coloring powder (fluorescein, uranine), which are scattered on snow, ground, water, ice when an aircraft (helicopter) approaches. In some cases, sound signals (scream, shot, knock), signal flares, and smoke bombs can be used.
One of the latest developments in the development of "targeting" is a small rubber balloon with a nylon shell, covered with four luminous colors, under which a light bulb flashes at night; the light from it is clearly visible at a distance of 4-5 km. Before launch, the balloon is filled with helium from a small capsule and held at a height of 90 m by a nylon rope. The weight of the set is 1.5 kg.

With the aim of to make searching easier, it is advisable to use International code table air signals "Ground - Air". Its signs can be laid out using available means (equipment, clothing, stones, trees), directly by people who must lie on the ground, snow, ice, trampled on the snow.

"Need a doctor"	"We need medicines" .	"Incapable move"	"We need food and water"	"Wanted weapons and ammunition"
"Wanted map and compass"	"We need a warning light with a battery and a radio station"	"Indicate the direction to follow"	"I am moving in this direction"	"Let's try take off"
"Vessel seriously damaged"	"Here you can safely commit landing"	"Requires fuel and oil"	"Everything is fine"	"No or negative"
"Yes or positively"	"Didn't understand"	"Mechanic Wanted"	"Operations finished"	"Nothing was found, we continue searching"
"Information has been received that the aircraft is in this direction"	"We found all people"	"We only found a few people"	"We are unable to continue, we are returning to base"	"Split into two groups, each following in the indicated direction"