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Modernization of security alarm systems. Repair and modernization of fire protection systems What is fire alarm modernization

According to current standards, it cannot be accepted by the customer without preliminary tests, the implementation of which is confirmed by a specially issued certificate. The process of installation and acceptance testing of fire alarms is regulated by GOST R 50775.

Fire alarm performance tests

Tests must confirm the normal functioning of the fire alarm and its compliance with all applicable requirements and standards. When reconstructing or modifying an existing alarm system, you should also check the entire system as a whole. The results of acceptance tests are considered satisfactory if:

equipment is placed and installed correctly;
all communication lines with the fire department, police and surveillance center are functioning normally;
The possibility of false alarms is excluded.

In particular, the following are checked:

serviceability of instruments and devices;
correct placement of technical equipment, absence of interference with their normal operation;
compliance of the installation of electrical wiring with the project, standard design solutions, requirements of current SNiP, instructions and rules;
electrical insulation strength and mechanical protection of contact connections of electrical wiring.

Fire alarm modernization

When upgrading a fire safety system, a fire alarm performance test should determine:

the possibility of normal joint functioning of old and new equipment;
compliance of existing power supplies with the updated system.

Permissible deviations based on test results must not exceed those specified in the equipment certificates. At the end of the tests, a report is drawn up confirming that the system meets the established requirements. To approve this act, the practical operation of the fire alarm must be demonstrated to the customer.

After the act is signed by both parties, an interdepartmental commission is invited to accept the system into operation. The commission includes representatives:

the company that installed and adjusted the system;
customer company;
Rospozhnadzor;
security services.

Acceptance of fire alarm systems

After acceptance of the system by the customer, an administrator must be appointed whose responsibilities will include:

maintaining the fire alarm system in working order;
maintaining operational documentation;
organization of technical maintenance;
ensuring working interaction between all security services of the facility.

Since there are usually not sufficiently trained fire protection specialists among the site employees, a formal fire safety officer is appointed who interacts with the contractor to maintain the functionality of the system.

Installation and maintenance of fire alarm systems

We will install the necessary fire safety system of any complexity at your enterprise and conduct fire alarm tests in accordance with current standards and regulations.

We will tell the person responsible for fire safety in detail about all the details of the system’s functioning, test his professional readiness and ensure its successful acceptance by the interdepartmental commission. After putting the system into operation, we are ready to provide its technical and warranty service.

Object address: Kazakhstan, Pavlodar region, Pavlodar, st. Khimkombinatovskaya, 1

Type of object: Industrial facility (plants, factories, enterprises)

This project was developed and implemented by our company.

The customer, Pavlodar Petrochemical Plant JSC, required to receive data from protected objects (arming and disarming, alarms, etc.), keep a log with the preservation of all events, arm and unarm the premises by users without the participation of the console operator, and also in the future with the possibility of switching the entire plant to this system. For this reason, your production system was selected.
The customer also wished that all objects to which the user has access could be placed and removed, as well as view its status (taken/removed) from the central entrance. Our engineers and programmers coped with this task perfectly. At the moment, the development has no analogues in Kazakhstan.
Now let's move directly to the racks (there are two of them). Prefabricated floor stand housing for indoor use. Consists of an upper module and a support stand with an Em-marine (Z-2 USB) reader.
Characteristics:
- Housing 1.5mm steel;
- Gigabyte motherboard;
- RAM 4 GB;
- Hard drive SSD 128Gb;
- Power supply 400W;
- Reader: E-marine(Z-2 USB);
- Touch Monitor 19"" LCD;
- OS Windows x64 10 pro.

An example of working with a construction site.
Initially, advertising information (set by the customer) is displayed on the racks. To activate, the employee must place and hold their badge on the reader. After checking the pass, if the employee is not registered in the system, the counter will display an unknown key. If the pass is confirmed, the user will be shown all its sections available for management. Now the employee selects the section he needs to set/remove. Next, he is shown options for the selected section: “Arm” - arm, or “Disarm”. An inactive button will be grayed out. If removal/installation is successful, the stand will display a message or notify you that it is impossible to perform this manipulation. When the operations are completed, the employee withdraws his pass and the system goes into standby mode.
Over time, our complex was debugged, tested, improved and implemented at the plant. He successfully copes with his tasks. A bonus is that our complex is modular, which allows you to easily use an unlimited number of racks with one server.

The following products were used to implement the project


Network Controller	Detector	Repeater, interface converter

Recently, specialists from the Atlant production company have been paying increasing attention to problems associated with the modernization and repair of existing fire safety systems. There is an explanation for this - the number of human casualties as a result of fires is incredibly high.
Considering that during the ongoing economic crisis, not everyone can afford to install a new type of fire alarm, we offer our clients a wide range of services related to the repair and restoration of existing fire alarm lines.

The fire alarm system (FS) is a highly reliable device, but sometimes it happens that it fails. The reasons for this can be very diverse. Breakdown can occur due to improper care, as well as if the fire alarm is not used correctly. Well, or malicious damage to one of the system parts is possible. They affect the quality of work and operating conditions of the fire system. Fire alarm repair may be required if its devices are located in places of high humidity or high temperature. It is necessary to carefully monitor how the alarm system works, whether it is exposed to mechanical or climatic influences, and whether there is dampness on the walls and ceiling of the room where the main unit of the system is sprayed. Also, the need to repair fire alarms will arise if the alarm system is systematically exposed to voltage surges.

Fire alarm modernization and repair

Our company offers you not only the purchase of high-quality equipment, but also warranty and post-warranty service, which means that when purchasing a security and fire alarm system from our organization, you can be sure not only of its reliable operation, but also of high-quality maintenance of the system. If you purchased fire alarm systems from third parties, we will also be able to provide you with high-quality fire alarm repairs at a very reasonable price.

Warranty service means a systematic check of the system, its technical inspection and elimination of faults reflected in the operational documentation, determined by the technical regulations for operational warranty service. Consequently, repair of fire alarm systems is also included in the warranty service program for technical faults of the entire fire alarm system.

The main activity of our company’s specialists is the constant modernization of security systems, maintaining their performance and repairing them. If you buy the most perfect system today, you may find it imperfect tomorrow. Any system, not only fire safety systems, will sooner or later face the need for improvement. Our company is not limited to carrying out such procedures as repairing fire alarms; we also specialize in modernizing systems, expanding the capabilities of the fire alarm system and increasing its capacity.

Tasks of maintenance and repair of fire alarm systems

Fire alarm repairs are carried out by specialists in the field of installation and operation of fire alarm systems. This is a complex work, since only together it is possible to carry out calling the routes, while simultaneously identifying existing system faults. At the same time, repairs to the control panel itself are not carried out, since it is much more expedient to replace the faulty panel with a new one. An exception may be a foreign-made station, if it is quite expensive or its model has already been discontinued. If we compare the average price of an imported fire alarm in Moscow and a Russian-made station, then a domestic device will cost only three thousand rubles, while an imported one will cost tens and hundreds of thousands.

Maintenance and repair of fire alarms are carried out in order to maintain fire automatic equipment in good condition throughout its entire service life.

In order to ensure that the fire alarm is activated in the event of a fire, as well as to avoid false alarms, the maintenance and repair of fire alarms includes the following steps:

Monitoring the technical condition of fire automatic system installations;
regular checks for compliance with technical specifications, including testing of automation for compliance of electrical parameters with the requirements of technical documentation;
eliminating the consequences of the influence of unfavorable climatic and production conditions on the security and fire installation;
identifying the causes of false alarms and repairing fire alarms, including their elimination;
carrying out a technical examination to determine the deadline for using the fire automatics installation, upon reaching which the repair of the fire alarm becomes inappropriate and operation is impossible;
regular analysis and obtaining general information about the technical condition of the fire alarm system, allowing to maintain the installation in a state of increased reliability during operation.

Fire alarm repairs may include:

Checking and testing the functionality of the fire alarm station, including checking the control panel and control panel;
- testing the functionality of fire, smoke and heat sensors;
- continuity testing of cable routes and loops;
- identification and elimination of cable breaks for fire alarms;
- replacement of smoke and manual call points at the fire alarm station;
- if a malfunction of the control panel is detected during testing, its repair and replacement.

The repair also includes cleaning undamaged fire alarm sensors by blowing them out.

When maintaining fire stations and repairing fire alarms, our specialists most often encounter problems such as broken fire alarm cables, which is a consequence of unauthorized repair work by third parties. There are also contact failures in fire detector bases, which is caused by oxidation of connector contacts in damp rooms. The fire alarm system breaks down and therefore requires repair due to dust and contamination of the working chambers.

As we can see, the main causes of fire alarm failure occur due to non-compliance with operating standards, independent attempts to troubleshoot problems, or due to the end of its operational life.

The procedure for carrying out maintenance work, provided not only by standards and legislative acts, but also including our standards, developed empirically, includes the following points:

Carrying out fire alarm repairs and maintenance within a timely manner agreed with the customer;
- immediate arrival at the facility entrusted to our company, in case of detection of problems, for their immediate elimination, i.e. fire alarm repairs. At the same time, the customer is obliged to take measures to eliminate factors affecting the fire safety system and causing damage to it;
- all order forms, calls received from the Customer are necessarily recorded in a journal called the “Call Log”;
- in cases where a technical examination is necessary before repairing a fire alarm, the inspection is carried out in the presence of representatives of third-party specialists who are not interested in the results of the checks.
By contacting us, no matter how complex the breakdown may be, and no matter the reasons for it, our company’s specialists will cope with any problem that arises, and your fire safety will always be at the highest level!

I have over 12 years of experience successfully working with various fire alarm systems and with many equipment manufacturers.

Modernization of automatic fire alarms allows you to obtain a system that meets modern requirements. If you need the latest fire alarm, I'm always available to help you upgrade it.

My advantages and features of modernization

The security system is capable of ensuring the protection of people and property, which is why a competent one can only be carried out by qualified specialists. I suggest upgrading fire alarms at any facility.

Price-quality ratio. Do you already have a project from another company? I'm sure I can sell it cheaper than my competitor offers.

My advantages:

12 years in this field;
high quality of work;
1 year warranty.

Before upgrading, I completely study the operation of the existing system, identify unreliable components and select a set of compatible devices. Cable lines are also checked to ensure they are compatible with the connection of new equipment. Then I prepare an estimate and a list of required work, the number and cost of new units. All these works are important, since it is on them that all the work will be carried out. After the update, I test and check each sensor, reconfiguring the software if necessary.

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Belarusian State University of Transport

Department of Information Transmission Systems

EXPLANATORYIA NOTE

for the graduation project

on the topic: MODERNIZATION OF THE UNIVERSITY SECURITY ALARM

student of the faculty of lifelong learning

Zubarev Vitaly Valerievich

Ch. head: Shevchuk V.G.

ANNOTATION

The diploma project contains 89 pages, 14 tables, 25 figures, 4 appendices, 38 sources.

Key words: alarm, loop, alarm system, security, fire, detector, access device.

Object of study: premises of the 5th floor of the 3rd building of the Educational Institution "Belarusian State University of Transport"

The purpose of the thesis: to design a modern security and fire alarm system.

The objectives of the diploma project are: familiarization with modern technical means of security of objects, selection of the optimal solution for equipping premises with a security alarm.

Conclusions: as a result of the diploma design, a security and fire alarm project was created that meets all modern requirements for information content and configuration flexibility.

Suggestions: this course project can be directly used when equipping the premises of an educational institution with fire and security alarms.

The difference in the cost of implementing addressable security and fire alarms compared to currently used systems with analog loops will be 714,618 rubles.

LIST OF ACCEPTED ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS

AKB - rechargeable battery

AWP - automated workstation

ASOS - automated security alarm system

ASPT - automatic fire extinguishing system

AU - subscriber device

BREEZE - branching and insulating block

VC - computer center

GTS - city telephone exchange

DIP - smoke fire detector

DPLS - two-wire communication line

IR - infrared detector

KDL - two-wire line controller

OPS - security and fire alarm system

PI - fire detector

PKU - monitoring and control panel

PPKOP - fire and security control panel

Monitoring station - central monitoring console

SZU - light and sound device

SNIP - building codes and regulations

SPI - information transmission systems

SPS - message transmission system

SCN - centralized surveillance system

TPSZ - technical means of fire protection

UD - access device

EE BelSUT - Educational Institution "Belarusian State

University of Transport"

ShS - alarm loop

INTRODUCTION

1. REVIEW OF INFORMATION SOURCES

2. TECHNICAL PART

2.1 Security and fire alarm systems with analog loops

2.1.1 Fire and security control panel PKP-8/16

2.1.2 Security and fire alarm control panel “ALARM-5”

2.1.3 Security and fire control panel “A16-512”

2.2 Addressable fire and security alarm systems

2.2.1 Integrated security system "Orion"

2.2.2 Digital addressable security and fire system "Grif-2000"

3. RESEARCH PART

3.1 List and characteristics of the protected object

3.2 Calculation of backup power supply parameters

3.3 Design of an alarm system based on a system with analog loops

3.4 Design of an alarm system based on an address system

4. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION FOR THE CHOICE OF ADDRESSED SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM

4.1 Calculation of the cost of construction and installation work of a system with analog alarm loops

4.2 Calculation of the cost of construction and installation work of the address system

4.3 Conclusions on the economic part

5. SAFETY MEASURES WHEN INSTALLING SECURITY AND FIRE ALARM DEVICES

CONCLUSION

LIST OF SOURCES USED

INTRODUCTION

Since ancient times, the security of one's own property has been one of the main concerns of man. To protect against unauthorized home invasion, theft of things and fire, humanity has come up with many necessary devices, but security technologies are developing along with the development of society. For modern man, the issue of ensuring the safety of life and property is no less acute than for his ancestors. In an effort to protect necessary objects from damage by the elements or an attacker, humanity has invented a universal warning system about the threat of intrusion or fire - an alarm system.

Security alarm systems are designed to limit access control to a facility, and fire alarm systems are designed to signal a fire. Moreover, it does not matter where the alarm system is installed: in a car, in an apartment, in an office or in a warehouse, the main task of any warning system is to promptly inform the owner or the relevant services about an emergency situation. That is why fire and security alarm systems were combined into fire and security complexes, providing comprehensive protection of the protected facility.

A modern alarm system is far from being a single device for indicating an emergency situation, but complex security and fire safety systems that combine technical means to both prevent unauthorized access and timely extinguish a fire.

The complexity of the equipment included in the warning system, as well as the configuration and methods of connecting the alarm, depend on the capabilities and tasks of the alarm system. However, among all the elements of the system, the constant components of alarm performance are 3 categories of equipment:

Sensor devices for collecting various parameters;

Equipment for collecting and processing data from sensors;

Central control device for fire and security alarms.

When an alarm is connected, sensor devices continuously monitor the environment for specified parameters: temperature, smoke, movement, shock, sound and a number of others. When an excess of the norm is detected in any one or more parameters, a signal about this is sent to the alarm control panel and only then passes to the central fire alarm control device, which can act as a computer with specialized software for the fire alarm system on large objects, and fire-security panel in case of small rooms

As a rule, security and fire alarm systems are integrated directly into the complex by the building's engineering and technical management, which provides additional opportunities for additional installation of peripheral smoke removal and fire extinguishing devices, sound, voice and light warning, and control of engineering equipment in addition to the alarm system.

Currently, in the vast majority of cases, when designing security alarms, security systems with the so-called radial arrangement of loops are used. This requires large material costs during construction and installation work due to the need to lay a separate cable to each security detector included in the loop.

At the same time, the so-called addressable fire alarm systems that are replacing them offer such conveniences as localization of violations down to each security detector, power supply via a security loop, laying of only two wires to connect all detectors with the control panel, and many others.

The design and implementation of such systems, which are more progressive than existing ones, is one of the priorities of modern scientific and production associations dealing with technical support for the protection of national economic and personal property from criminal attacks.

The goals of this diploma design are to prevent unauthorized access to the protected premises of the 5th floor of the 3rd building of the BelSUT educational institution, as well as to prevent accidents in the event of a fire.

When completing the diploma project, the following tasks were set:

Build a security and fire alarm system that would be compatible with the existing one;

Providing configuration and configuration flexibility;

Possibility of arming/disarming using electronic keys or individual codes;

Organization of a system of logical partitions combining several security loops;

Possibility of self-testing and self-monitoring of the system;

Notifying people about a fire using a siren;

Ensuring minimum cost.

1. REVIEWSOURCES OF INFORMATION

The security and fire alarm system is a complex set of technical means used for timely detection of fire and unauthorized entry into the protected area. As a rule, security and fire alarm systems are integrated into a complex that combines security systems and engineering systems of the building, providing reliable address information to warning systems, fire extinguishing systems, smoke removal systems, access control systems, etc.

Structure of security and fire alarm systems

Depending on the scale of the tasks that the security and fire alarm system solves, it includes equipment of three main categories:

Equipment for centralized control of fire alarms (for example, a central computer with software installed on it to control fire alarms; in small fire alarm systems, centralized control tasks are performed by the fire alarm panel);

Equipment for collecting and processing information from fire and security sensors: fire and security alarm and control devices (panels)

Sensor devices - sensors and fire alarm detectors.

The security alarm system, as part of a security and fire alarm system, performs the task of timely notifying the security service about the fact of unauthorized entry or attempted entry of people into a building or its individual premises, recording the date, place and time of violation of the security line.

The fire alarm system is designed for timely detection of the location of a fire and the generation of control signals for fire warning and automatic fire extinguishing systems.

Domestic fire safety regulations strictly regulate the list of buildings and structures that must be equipped with automatic fire alarms. Currently, the entire list of organizational and technical measures at a facility during a fire has one main goal - saving people's lives. Therefore, the tasks of early fire detection and personnel notification come first. The solution to these problems is entrusted to the fire alarm system, the main functions of which are receiving, processing, transmitting and presenting information about fires at protected sites to consumers in a given form using technical means.

The main functions of fire alarms are provided by various technical means. Detectors are used to detect fire, and control equipment and peripheral devices are used to process and record information and generate control alarm signals.

In addition to these functions, the fire alarm must generate commands to turn on automatic fire extinguishing and smoke removal systems, fire warning systems, technological, electrical and other engineering equipment of the facilities. Modern security and fire alarm equipment has its own developed warning function. Despite the fact that fire warning systems are classified as a separate class of equipment, warning systems of categories 1 and 2 can be implemented on the basis of fire alarm technical equipment from quite a few manufacturers.

Security and fire alarm detectorsAtions

To obtain information about an alarm situation at a facility, the security and fire alarm system includes detectors that differ from each other in the type of controlled physical parameter, the operating principle of the sensitive element, and the method of transmitting information to the central alarm control panel. Based on the principle of generating an information signal about intrusion into an object or a fire, fire alarm detectors are divided into active and passive.

Active fire and security alarm detectors generate a signal in the protected area and respond to changes in its parameters.

Passive detectors respond to changes in environmental parameters caused by an intruder or fire.

Each security and fire alarm system uses security and fire detectors that monitor various physical parameters. The following types of security detectors are widely used: passive infrared, magnetic contact, glass break detectors, perimeter active detectors, combined active detectors. Fire alarm systems use heat, smoke, light, ionization, combined and manual call points.

Each type of detector has its own list of basic technical characteristics, determined by the relevant standards. At the same time, even detectors of the same type have differences in the design features of their components, ease of use, reliability, and level of design, which are taken into account when choosing a particular device or manufacturer.

Thermal fire detectors

One of the first thermal threshold fire detectors (IP) was a device based on a twisted metal strip, which, under the influence of high temperature, unwound and closed the contacts of an electrical circuit (i.e., they worked based on a change in the shape or volume of a material - liquid or spring - under the influence of temperature ). An example of one of the first differential (responsive to the rate of temperature change) PIs is a sensor consisting of a massive zinc frame and a thin zinc plate. With a slow increase in temperature, the dimensions of the frame and plate increase simultaneously. But with a rapid increase in temperature, the size of the plate increases faster, since the frame has a greater heat capacity. At the same time, the contact of the eclectic circuit closes - the PI is triggered. The simplicity of manufacturing thermal threshold PIs and their low cost predetermined their wide distribution. True, they are triggered when the fire has already grown to alarming proportions: for example, in a room with a ceiling height of 3.5 meters, a heat detector with a threshold of 72°C will trigger with a fireplace of 7.5 square meters. m.(!).

The first automatic PI was developed in the 60s and it was the thermal maximum PI DTL. It consisted of two conductors soldered with a special alloy (Wood's alloy was developed at the end of the 18th century), which collapses under the influence of temperature and, as a result, opens the electrical contact. Since the alloy was destroyed, the DTL had to be changed after activation. Another development was the IP105-2/1, which uses a reed switch with sealed contacts and two ring magnets. As the temperature rises, the magnets lose their properties, which leads to the reed switch switching and opening the electrical circuit. The use of a reed switch made it possible to make the PI reusable, unlike the DTL.

It must be borne in mind that the efficiency of thermal PIs itself is extremely low. And the efficiency of the maximum detector, even within the framework of thermal PIs, is the lowest, since such a PI ensures the issuance of the “Fire” signal only when the temperature reaches a certain threshold (response temperature). For most domestic sensors this threshold is (70-72)°C. According to such PIs, they are designed to operate in rooms with a conditionally normal temperature of 35°C. Differential or maximum-differential PI are more effective because they are able to provide an alarm signal at an earlier stage of fire development, provided that there is a rapid increase in temperature. However, the presence of two thermoelements (one on the board, one placed as far as possible) and the need to process signals from them causes a certain increase in the cost of the detector.

An important stage in the history of the development of thermal detectors was the appearance of linear heat detectors. Their main advantage is the ability to protect an extended space with one sensor. The simplest version of such a PI is a thermal cable with two conductors, insulated with a layer of material that breaks down under the influence of temperature. At the point where local overheating of the thermal cable occurs, the insulated conductors are short-circuited, which is recorded by the processing unit. With the exception of the ability to control an extended space, a thermal cable of this type has no advantages over ordinary point maximum PIs.

Wider possibilities are provided by a thermal cable, the conductors of which are made of a special material, the resistance of which depends on temperature. In this PI, the processing unit constantly measures the resistance of the thermal cable conductors and processes the received information in accordance with a given algorithm. Such PIs have a number of advantages compared to those discussed earlier. Firstly, it is possible to install the operating algorithm in the processing unit (which can be installed outside the control zone). Secondly, the presence of the so-called cumulative (summing) action, which allows you to summarize the values along the length of the cable section that has been heated. A warm stream of air flow, rising upward from the source of ignition, at altitudes of about 10 m begins to expand significantly due to the mixing of warm air with colder air. In this case, the temperature of the ascending jet decreases, but the area of the air flow increases, which makes the use of point maximum PI ineffective. When using the thermal cable in question, each point of it heats up less, but over a longer length. And the absolute change in cable resistance remains sufficient to detect a fire. Thus, the installation height of the considered PI has less influence on its detection ability than for point thermal PIs.

Multipoint and thermobarometric thermal PIs have similar capabilities. Multipoint PIs are a set of point PIs (for example, thermocouples) located in a single electrical circuit, the signal from which is summed up and sent to a processing unit. Thermobarometric PIs consist of a metal tube sealed at one end and connected at the other end to a processing unit. In this case, the processing unit contains a pressure sensor. When the tube heats up, the pressure in it increases. Information about the measured pressure is processed in accordance with the established algorithm, and, under certain conditions, the processing unit issues an alarm signal.

In any case, the use of thermal PI makes sense only when the most likely sign of a fire is the heat generated. In our country, historically, the most used is the thermal maximum disposable PI, which is due to only one thing - an extremely attractive price. In the same way, the use of linear thermal PI in cable ducts and in a suspended ceiling will be justified if the thermal cable literally entangles the wires. Otherwise, linear PI does not provide any fundamental advantages over point maximum-differential ones. It goes without saying that in such cases there is no need to talk about any effectiveness of detection systems.

All over the world, the concept of system efficiency has long been inextricably linked with the applied PIs. Therefore, the use of our beloved thermal PIs with a threshold of (70-72) ° C can only be considered for those rooms in which the use of other types of PIs is impossible due to the presence of external factors that can cause their false operation. An example would be a boiler room, where the differential channel may give false alarms due to possible temperature fluctuations, and a lower threshold cannot be used due to the high temperature in the room.

If we generalize the trends in the development of thermal PIs, we can state that the transition to maximum differential and linear thermal PIs is still slow, but has already begun. In the world's thermal PIs, there is a trend towards their intellectualization and the use of digital processing, in which work is carried out with one thermoelement. In this case, the differential channel is provided by comparing the current value with the value stored in the PI memory, and the rate of change is determined by the built-in timer.

Smoke detectors

The main sign of a fire is smoke, since in the vast majority of cases, in the first stage of a fire, material smoldering, accompanied by smoke, and only then open flames are formed and, consequently, heat is released. Therefore, today smoke PIs are the most common in the world.

Historically, the first smoke detector was a point ionization radioisotope detector, which contains a source of radioactive radiation with an ultra-low radiation level, below the background value. Typically, the isotope americium-241 is used as a source. Due to the ionization of air molecules and the presence of an electric field in the smoke chamber, a directed flow of charged particles (electric current) is ensured. The entry of smoke particles inside leads to a decrease in the current value, which is recorded by the processing circuit. Among domestic PIs, RID-1 and RID-6M are well known. Today, the production of radioisotope PIs has been completely stopped. However, in the world this class of PIs is very common due to its high sensitivity to fumes from smoldering wood and cotton, and the highest efficiency among all types of smoke PIs to fumes from combustion of plastic and insulation of power cables. PIs of this type provide the highest fire protection for cable collectors, tunnels, nuclear power plants, etc. The choice of detector type for most users is determined by three factors: habit, price and installation location. It was habit and price that ensured the popularity of the ionization detector 10-15 years ago. Advances in technology have made the production of photoelectric smoke detectors economically viable and they have gradually replaced ionization detectors in most markets around the world.

Another type of smoke detector is a point optical-electronic smoke detector, which uses the optical effect of scattering infrared radiation on smoke particles. More than 80% of smoke detectors operate on this principle. Inside the smoke chamber there is an IR emitter and a receiver that receives the IR signal reflected from smoke particles. In this case, the design of the smoke chamber and the location of the IR transmitter and receiver are specially calculated so that under normal conditions the LED radiation practically does not reach the photodetector. When designing a smoke chamber, it is always necessary to take into account at least two conflicting requirements, namely, to make it difficult for particles of dust and dirt, as well as external light, to enter the chamber, and at the same time to facilitate access for smoke particles. Moreover, it is in the development and production of the smoke chamber that the main cost of the detector is concentrated, since the quality of the device depends on the quality and composition of the material, design and execution of the chamber. While the cost of electronic components is almost the same and is a small part of the cost of the PI. As a consequence of this, some manufacturers are constantly improving the smoke chamber, while others use the same design or simply “rip” it from others. This is clearly visible on the Russian market, where there are all three groups of manufacturers and the first smoke chamber, used in DIP-1 back in the early 80s of the last century, is still used in a number of detectors without any changes.

Separately, it is worth noting linear smoke detectors, which are, in fact, an active infrared barrier, when smoke particles enter the coverage area of which the signal attenuates and, accordingly, its level at the output of the photodetector decreases. The operating principle is reminiscent of the operating principle of security barriers for perimeter protection. In fact, the difference in the processing algorithm is very large. Complete blocking of the beam in security sensors is interpreted as “Alarm”, and in fire sensors as “Fault”. The “Fire” signal is generated when a certain level of absorption of the optical signal by a smoky area of the environment is reached along the detection line, the length of which is usually up to 100 m.

This type of smoke detectors is used when working in large rooms, when one linear detector can replace at least 12 point detectors, as well as with high ceilings (according to standards, above 12 m, but in good terms, already more than 8 m). At the same time, the time it takes for smoke to reach a conventional detector is long, and the smoke concentration is very low, therefore, the effectiveness of a point detector is practically zero.

Recently, another type of smoke PI has appeared - laser. The scope of their application is “clean rooms” and objects in which the profit lost due to a fire is many times greater than the direct damage from the fire (banks, cellular and telecommunication stations, etc.). For example, the damage from a burned-out communication hub connecting the European and Asian parts of Russia will be disproportionately greater than the cost of lost furniture and equipment. For these objects, there are two options for organizing fire protection: the use of universal combined detectors, combining optical-electronic and thermal maximum-differential principles of fire detection, or the use of an addressable analogue laser detector. Moreover, either as part of an addressable analog message transmission system (AMS), or as part of an aspiration ATS. This ultra-sensitive device has 100 times higher sensitivity compared to optical-electronic detectors. The high brightness of the laser radiation ensures a high level of reflection from smoke particles of minimal density. Aspiration PIs, which are a high-sensitivity point smoke detector installed in a special housing and a pipe system with holes through which air is sucked from the controlled room using a fan. This type of smoke detectors today is relatively exotic and expensive. The opinion of experts regarding the effectiveness of its use and the possibility of ensuring ultra-early detection is ambiguous; the regulatory framework has not been developed.

The following trends can be identified in the smoke detector segment: among domestic smoke detectors, there has been a tendency to switch to SMT, which makes it possible to make detectors more technologically advanced and of higher quality. There is a constant improvement of processing algorithms and the introduction of intelligence into the PI. As a consequence of this process, one can note the formation of different indicator signals when switching to the “Fire” mode or to the “Fault” mode, if the latter is caused by the need to clean the smoke chamber. It is not uncommon to automatically compensate for dust in the smoke chamber, which extends the life of the detector between cleanings without increasing the false alarm rate. The improvement of linear PIs has led to the emergence of single-position sensors that combine in one housing both a receiver and a transmitter with a passive reflector at the end of the zone, which greatly simplifies installation and maintenance of the system. And finally, it is gratifying to note that thanks to common sense and the improvement of the regulatory framework in our country, there has nevertheless been a transition from thermal PIs to smoke ones. Although the “rate fluctuations” are very noticeable and are due to the contradiction in the requirements of the NPB in various editions.

Peripheral devices for security and fire alarms

All fire alarm devices (except detectors) that have an independent design and are connected to the fire alarm control panel via external communication lines are considered peripheral. The most commonly used types of fire alarm peripheral devices are:

Control panel - used to control fire and security alarm devices from a local point of the facility;

Short circuit isolation module - used in security and fire alarm ring loops to ensure their operation in the event of a short circuit;

Non-address line connection module - for monitoring non-address fire alarm detectors;

Relay module - to expand the warning and control functions of the control panel;

Input/output module -- for monitoring and control of external devices (for example, automatic fire extinguishing and smoke removal installations, technological, electrical and other engineering

equipment);

Sound alarm - to notify about a fire or alarm at the required point of the object using an audio alarm;

Light alarm - to notify about a fire or alarm at the required point of the object using a light alarm;

Message printer - for printing alarm and service system messages.

Integration of security and fire alarm systems with complex systemsebuilding security mami

When installed at large facilities, to ensure the required level of building security, the fire alarm system is integrated with other security and life support systems of the facility. This is necessary for a quick response to a message about a fire or alarm received from fire alarm sensors, and to ensure optimal conditions for eliminating the emergency situation that has arisen. For example, in response to a fire message generated by a fire and security alarm, the following actions are performed in the alarm zone:

Turn off ventilation;

Turning on the smoke removal system;

Shutdown of power supply (except for special equipment);

Exiting elevators from the alarm zone;

Turning on emergency lighting and light indication of paths and exits for evacuation of people;

Unblocking emergency exits on evacuation routes;

Activation of the warning system with information for the alarm zone.

Thus, the security and fire alarm system becomes part of the overall security system, while issues of not only general monitoring from the main security post are resolved, but also the interaction of all subsystems. In the latter case, one of the most important requirements for a security and fire alarm system must be met - the possibility of its integration into the overall security system. Integration may be required both at the simplest (relay) level and at the software level, when compatibility of data exchange protocols in information buses and communication lines of various subsystems is necessary. An important role is played by the support of one or more network technologies from the fire alarm equipment: Ethernet, Arcnet, Lonwork, Internet, etc.

Power supply for fire and security devicesGnationalization

All fire and security alarm devices must be provided with uninterrupted power supply. As a rule, the main power supply is used for the fire alarm control panels; the remaining devices are powered from low-voltage secondary DC sources or from the fire alarm loop. In accordance with domestic fire safety standards, the security and fire alarm system must function uninterruptedly in the event of a loss of mains power supply at the facility during the day in standby mode and for at least 3 hours in alarm mode. To fulfill this requirement, the fire alarm system must use a backup power supply system - additional sources or built-in batteries.

2 . TECHNICAL PART

Integration of security and fire alarms as part of a single system is carried out at the level of centralized monitoring and control. At the same time, security and fire alarm systems are administered by control posts independent from each other, maintaining autonomy as part of the fire alarm system. At small facilities, the system is controlled by reception and control devices. Depending on the methods of detecting alarms and generating signals, detectors and fire alarm systems are divided into non-addressable, addressable and addressable analogue. In non-addressable systems, detectors have a fixed sensitivity threshold, while a group of detectors is included in a common fire alarm loop, in this case, when one of the fire alarm devices is triggered, a generalized alarm signal is generated. Addressable systems are distinguished by the presence in the notification of information about the address of the fire alarm device, which allows you to determine the fire zone accurate to the location of the detector. Addressable analogue security and fire alarm systems are the most informative and developed. In such a system, “intelligent” fire alarm detectors are used, in which the current values of the monitored parameter, together with the address, are transmitted by the device via the fire alarm loop. This method of monitoring is used for early detection of an alarming situation, obtaining data on the need for maintenance of devices due to contamination or other factors. In addition, addressable analogue systems allow, without interrupting the operation of the fire and security alarm system, to programmatically change the fixed sensitivity threshold of detectors if it is necessary to adapt them to operating conditions at the facility.

2.1 Security and fire alarm systemswith analog loops

Security and fire alarm systems with analog loops are also called non-addressable (threshold) systems. Detectors in this system have a fixed sensitivity threshold, while a group of detectors is included in a common fire alarm loop, in which, if one of the fire alarm devices is triggered, a generalized alarm signal is generated (the number of the sensor about the room at the station is not indicated, only the loop number). The use of non-addressable systems is advisable for small objects (no more than 30-40 premises).

The receiving and control device supplies power to security and fire detectors via fire alarm loops, receives alarm messages from detectors, generates alarm messages, and also transmits them to a centralized monitoring station and generates alarm signals for triggering other systems.

Non-addressable systems are currently widely implemented using various control and control devices manufactured in the Republic of Belarus by CJSC Alarm under the same name, ODO Novatech Security of the PKP type, as well as the Rovalent company, which produces devices of the A series.

Below we will consider the control and monitoring devices on the basis of which modern security and fire complexes are built.

2.1.1 Fire and security control panel PKP-8/16

Figure 2.1 shows a typical fire and security alarm system based on the PKP8/16 control panel.

The fire and security control panel PKP-8/16 is intended for:

– monitoring the state of security, fire and alarm alarm systems of the protected facility;

– visual and audio indication of the device and alarm status;

– issuing alarm signals to the control system;

– transfer of information about changes in the state of the device and AL to the central monitoring console (CMS) of the central monitoring systems (SCS) “Neva-10M”, “Tsentr-M”;

Drawing2. 1 - Block diagram of the system based on PKP8/16

– transfer of information via subscriber lines of the city telephone network (GTS) to the remote control of the automated security alarm system (ASOS) “Alesya” or in the mode of the object device “Atlas”;

– control of fire automatic devices.

Product functionality

The modular design of the device allows you to adapt the system depending on the parameters of the object.

Programming the system using the PR-100 remote control.

Control of up to 32 security and fire alarm loops.

Flexible programming of AL functions and properties.

Division of loops into 16 independent arming/disarming zones.

Arming/disarming using iButtons keys.

Recognition of 4 AL states.

Possibility of using two-wire smoke detectors with a supply voltage of 12V.

Availability of a universal bus (RS-485).

Supports up to 8 display modules (MI-1600) and up to 2 modules for separately connecting access devices (MS-168) with the ability to be removed from the device at a distance of up to 1000m.

Connection (using MS-168 modules) to 16 access devices (according to the number of zones), with indication of the status of the corresponding zones.

Connection of up to 8 independently programmable monitoring station relays, fire automatics.

Outputs for connecting 2 independently programmable alarm systems.

Switches off the device when the battery is discharged to 10V.

Event memory with real time clock for 64, 192 or 448 events (depending on the amount of memory installed).

Configuring the device from a personal computer using the AP-1 programming adapter.

Possibility of combining several devices (maximum 32) into a local network (for version 2.0K).

Configuration, as well as control of the operation of the device from a personal computer (software “Monitor-8/16”) (for version 2.0K).

Table 2.1 shows the technical characteristics of PKP 8/16.

Table2 .1 - Technical characteristics of PKP 8/16

Parameter	Meaning
Built-in power supply
Rated supply voltage (input)
Current consumption of the device from the 220V network, mA, no more
Output voltage, V
Rated output current, A, not less
Ripple, V, no more
Battery
Ratings
Current consumption of the device from the battery, mA, no more
Operating time of the device from a 17Ah battery, when the mains voltage disappears: With an external load of 200 mA, h, no less
With an external load of 350 mA, h, no less
Battery charge current (at discharge up to 10V), A, no more
Charge mode	cyclical
Switching off the device when there is voltage on the battery, V

Basic number of alarm loops
Maximum number of alarm loops
Loop response time (programmable), ms	50, 250, 500, 750
Deviation of reaction time, %, no more
Loop terminal resistor, kOhm
Loop resistance, Ohm, no more
Loop resistance with two-wire smoke detectors, Ohm, no more
Leakage resistance, kOhm, not less
Resistance range of the "Alarm" condition loop, kOhm	0<1,2; 1,9>?
Loop voltage, V
Loop current, mA

2.1.2 Security and fire alarm control panel “ALARM-5”

The alarm and fire alarm control device (PPKOP) "ALARM-5" (Figure 2.2) provides:

– work on busy subscriber lines of the GTS when working as part of ASOS "Alesya" or in offline mode;

– connection and monitoring of the status of 8 alarm loops (AL), each of which can be security, alarm, or fire;

– possibility of organizing up to 8 independent zones;

– connection of standard detectors with normally open or normally closed contacts;

– the ability to include current-consuming detectors in the loop with a total current consumption in each loop of up to 1.2 mA and a supply voltage of 10-14 V;

Figure 2.2 - Reception and control device “Alarm-5”

– test control when turning on the power and during operation with polling of external devices;

– test monitoring of the functionality of all light and sound indicators at any time without issuing alarm notifications to the monitoring station;

– connection and reception of information from 2 access devices remote from the device at a distance of up to 50 meters with the possibility of parallel connection of additional access devices (for each zone);

– use of 39 electronic keys for individual access to the object and for marking intelligence services: owner and authorized persons - 15 (if necessary, 39), intelligence services - 24 keys. Electronic keys Touch Memory (Dallas Sem.) DS1990A, DS1991 - DS1996 are used as access keys;

– marking the detention groups and electricians at the site with individual keys;

– the ability to use a remote button or keyboard to arm or disarm when working in standalone mode;

– the possibility of organizing connected (passage) zones;

– two modes of arming/disarming security alarms:

· no exit/entry delay;

· with exit/entry delay for a programmable time;

two alarm loop modes:

· round the clock;

· with the possibility of disarming;

– taking the area of the facility under protection only if there is confirmation from the monitoring station of ASOS "Alesya";

– recognition of 5 AL states (normal, open, short circuit, activation of one detector, activation of two detectors);

– the ability to recognize the opening of a detector housing that has a housing tampering sensor;

– ability to control an electromechanical lock;

– the ability to control the roller shutters - lowering when a zone equipped with roller shutters is armed, raising - when disarming the zone;

– sound indication of the “Fire” condition through an intermittent signal from the built-in and, if necessary, remote sounders;

– “Attention” mode;

– verification mode with automatic power reset of detectors;

– programmable delay in the formation of the start signal for controlling technical fire protection equipment (TPF);

– sound indication of the “Alarm” state through a constant signal from the built-in and, if necessary, remote sounders;

– the ability to connect up to 8 “Remove” buttons with a programmable press time to the AL;

– issuing an alarm signal to the monitoring station "Alesya" when disarming under duress (the "Removal" button is not pressed) without local indication of this;

– issuing an alarm signal to the monitoring station in case of unauthorized opening of the device case;

– protection against unauthorized access to the device via subscriber line;

– automatic transition to backup power;

– automatic battery shutdown when its voltage drops to 10.7V.

The device provides visual control:

– availability of data exchange with the ASOS "Alesya" repeater via the subscriber line;

– the current state of each alarm loop on the indicators of the front panel of the device and the remote display panel;

– the current state of all zones of the object on remote indicators;

– “Fire” state through a general fire alarm indicator and an indicator of a triggered fire loop;

– “Fault” state through the general fault indicator and the faulty fire loop indicator;

– number of the alarm zone, the violation of which occurred during the guarded time (the information is stored until the next time the zone of the violated alarm zone is armed);

– opening the case;

– presence of interference with a frequency of 18 kHz in the subscriber line;

– generation of a starting signal for controlling the TSPP;

– type of power source, battery discharge.

Technical characteristics of Control Panel Alarm-5 are given in Table 2.2

table 2. 2 - Technical characteristics of Control Panel Alarm-5

Parameter	Meaning
Supply voltage, V: From AC mains frequency (50+1) Hz From a lead-acid battery
Built-in battery capacity, A/h
DC output voltage for powering external devices, V
Power consumption from the network 220 V, VA, no more: No external loads
Maximum load current, A, no more
Number of independent protected areas
Information content (number of notifications and messages issued about the status of alarm loops and the device)
Operating temperature range, °C	from -30 to +50
Number of programs. alarm loops
Controlled duration of alarm loop violation, ms: Security and alarm Firefighter
Maximum current switched by the relay contacts of PCN1, PCN2, SZU, A
Maximum voltage switched by the relay contacts of PCN1, PCN2, SZU, V
Overall dimensions, mm, no more

2.1.3 Security and fire control panel “A16-512”

The security and fire alarm control device PPKOP “A16-512” with the function of access control and management is intended for creating security systems for secondary facilities of schools, kindergartens, shops, warehouses, banking institutions, office, residential and administrative buildings.

The programming principle implemented in the A16-512 control panel devices allows you to simulate scenarios and the nature of the operation of actuators for various purposes, create settings individually for each task and object, arbitrarily group loops into zones, and programmatically adjust the response thresholds of each fire alarm loop. The devices have a “multiple alarm” function.

Built-in lightning protection, high information content and reliability, various methods of transmitting messages, including simultaneously via radio and telephone lines, provide the A16-512 devices with an advantage over similar ones when used in monitoring systems.

The “A16-512” devices have built-in protocols of the “STARS”, “Mayak”, ASOS “Alesya”, “Cortex”, “Ademco” systems. The following can be used as communication channels:

radio channel, busy telephone network lines, RS232, RS485, Ethernet interfaces.

Control:

– security and fire alarm loops and technological loops;

– siren circuits for open and short circuit;

– integrity of communication lines;

– power modes (battery, network).

Indication:

– on the LED keyboard - three-color status indication

· “NORMAL”, “OPEN”, “SC”, “ATTENTION”, “FIRE (ALARM)”;

· single-color indication of system states;

– on the LCD keyboard VPUA16 - display of events and states in text form;

– on a personal computer - display of all events and system states.

Control:

– security zones: arming/disarming using Proximity cards,

– code from the keyboard, Touch Memory keys;

– warning devices;

– electromagnetic and electromechanical locks.

The block diagram of the security system based on PKOP “A16-512” is shown in Figure 2.3

Figure 2.3 - Block diagram of the system based on PKOP “A16-512”

The base unit of the PKOP device “A16-512” (Figure 2.4) provides control of 16 alarm loops and consists of a processor module and a 3A/12V switching uninterruptible power supply.

Figure 2.4 - Devicereception and controlsecurity and fireman:"A16-512"

The device can be expanded to 48 loops by adding 2 AP16 modules to the base unit. Technical characteristics of PKOP “A16-512” are given in Table 2.3.

table 2.3 - Technical characterAndPKOP sticks “A16-512”

Parameter	Basic configuration	Maximum configuration
Number of loops
Number of independent zones
Number of relays
Number of separate arm/disarm inputs
Built-in event memory
Number of electronic keys		2805 (11 x 255)
Access control function	24 access points	264 access points

Further expansion of the device’s capacity is carried out by connecting the base blocks of the Control Panel “A16-512” via KSOA to the VPUA16 keyboard, which displays the status of all 512 loops (zones).

VPU-A16 - a keyboard with an LCD display displays information in text form about events in the system, the status of loops and equipment, and allows you to manage fire alarm zones. AMI16 (Figure 2.5) is an LED keyboard. Designed to manage 48 zones of fire alarm systems and display their states.

Up to three keyboards of any kind can be connected to one A16-512 device (regardless of the number of loops) for the purpose of organizing observation posts.

Figure 2.5 - Keyboard VPU-A16

To connect access devices to the A16-512 device for arming/disarming various zones, a module for connecting 8 access devices is used: AMC-8 (Figure 2.6).

Figure 2.6 - AMC-8 module

Up to 8 devices can be connected to the AMC-8 module in any combination: code dial panel, Proximity card reader, Touch Memory key reader. Connects to the A16-512 device via RS485 communication line. The module allows you to organize an additional 8 independent channels for reading electronic keys to control the corresponding zones with individual indication of the status of each (Figure 2.7).

Figure 2.7-Individual control and indication of the status of each security zoneAus and/or access

2.2 Addressable fire and security alarm systems

Addressable security and fire alarm systems involve the installation of addressable sensors on one alarm loop. Addressable OPS allows you to replace multi-core cables connecting detectors with a control panel (PKP) using one pair of data bus wires. In practice, addressable non-interrogation fire alarm systems are non-threshold, supplemented by the ability to transmit the address code of a triggered detector. Like analog alarm systems, they cannot automatically monitor the performance of fire detectors, since in case of any electronic failure, the connection between the detector and the control panel is interrupted.

Addressable polling systems periodically poll detectors and ensure monitoring of their performance in case of any failure. This makes it possible to install one detector in each room instead of two. In targeted survey OPS, complex information processing algorithms can be implemented, reducing the likelihood of false positives. Addressed OPS records not only the fact of an emergency situation, but also its localization.

2.2.1 Integrated security system "Orion"

The system is designed:

– for collecting, processing, transmitting, displaying and recording notifications about the status of security, alarm and fire alarm loops;

– for access control and management (control of blocking devices such as barriers, turnstiles, gates, gateways, doors, etc.);

– for video surveillance and video monitoring of protected objects;

– to control the fire automatic equipment of the facility;

– for managing engineering systems of buildings.

The system provides:

– the ability to use the same Proximity card or Touch memory key to arm/disarm and control access in several ways:

decentralized:

o using the keyboard,

o using the Touch memory key,

o using remote plastic cards,

o combined method (keyboard plus remote card),

centralized:

o using the “S2000” remote control,

o using the “S2000-KS” remote control,

o using a computer;

– access control and management through entry points such as doors, turnstiles, gateways, barriers;

– video surveillance, video monitoring and recording of alarm situations;

– control of automatic fire extinguishing, warning, smoke removal, and air conditioning devices.

– a modular structure that allows you to optimally equip both small and very large distributed objects;