Coastal navigation signs. Navigation equipment of inland waterways Navigation axis sign red
Navigation marks and lights of Russian inland waterwaysGeneral provisions
1. Navigation marks and lights are intended to create safe conditions for navigation of ships and ensure the safety of artificial structures on inland waterways
2. Navigation lights on structures must operate from sunset to sunrise
3. With a lateral system, the types, main parameters and dimensions, color and type of coloring of navigation signs, as well as the nature, color and relative position of signal lights are determined in the prescribed manner
4. Under the cardinal system, the color and type of painting of floating signs, their top figures and the nature of the lights are determined by the current fencing system for the GDP categories “M” and “O”
Composition and purpose of navigation signs
1. Navigation marks are divided into coastal and floating. In turn, depending on the silhouette of the figure, they can be: rectangular, triangular, round, trapezoidal, combined, linear.
2. Coastal signs include fencing signs (markers) of the navigation channel and information signs
Coastal signs for indicating the position of a shipping lane include crossing crossings, navigation signs, spring "landmark" signs, indicators of the height of the underbridge clearance and the edges of the shipping lane in the navigable spans of bridges, wayfinding lights of shipping canals, as well as identification signs and beacons. Using these signs, the navigator determines the direction of the navigation.
3. Floating signs include buoys, buoys, and milestones
4. Floating navigational signs are divided into edge, rotary, stall, dividing, axial, rotary-axial and danger signs
5. On rivers, the names of the right and left edges (sides) of the navigation channel are taken in the direction of water flow
On transit passages of reservoirs, the names of the parties are taken in the direction from the backwater wedging zone to the dam
On the approaches to ports, piers, shelters, as well as on the ship channels of tributaries flowing into the reservoir, the names of the right and left edges of the ship channel are taken in the direction of the transit ship channel
On canals and lakes, the names of the parties on ship passages are adopted conditionally when designing the transport development of these waterways.
Depending on the requirements for the operation of inland waterways, signs are either equipped with navigation lights or displayed without lights. Signs equipped with lights are designed to support 24-hour vessel traffic, as are reflective signs that are visible at night when using ship floodlights.
Navigation lights are characterized by the color and character of the light - alternating flashes (flashing) and pauses (darkening).
Character of navigation lights
1. Constant
2.
Flashing - periodically repeating flashes
3
. Double flash - periodically repeating groups of two flashes
4.
Frequently flashing - continuously repeating frequent flashes
5.
Group-frequently flashing - periodically repeating groups
6.
Pulsating - continuously repeating light pulses
7.
Intermittent-pulsating - periodically repeating groups
8.
Eclipsed - periodically repeating glimpses and short-term eclipses
Floating navigational marks and lights to mark the boundaries of the shipping channel.
Floating navigational signs serve to fence off dangers and indicate the edges and axis of the navigation channel. These signs, depending on specific conditions, are placed on water bodies according to a certain system: lateral or cardinal.
On inland waterways, 3 types of floating signs are usually used: buoys, buoys and milestones.
On inland waterways, 3 types of floating signs are used: buoys, buoys and milestones.
Buoys.
They are metal floats of conical or cylindrical shape, installed in areas with strong waves. The buoys are numbered.
The buoy is held in place by an anchor device. The length of the anchor chain is 2 - 3 times greater than the depth at the installation site.
The most important qualities of a buoy are its buoyancy and stability.
The buoy is equipped with a signal light, which is powered by electric batteries located in a special case inside the housing.
Beacons.
They consist of a float part (raft) and a signal figure (superstructure) mounted on it of a trapezoidal, round or rectangular shape.
Milestones.
They are a pole attached by a cable to an anchor weight. They are used as daytime floating signs on rivers with unlit navigation conditions. Milestones can be placed in addition to buoys and buoys to duplicate them. The height of the above-water part of river markers is 1 - 2 m, lake ones - should be equal to the above-water height of the buoys placed in this area.
Navigation floating signs have their own distinctive features in terms of coloring, color and character of the light, depending on their purpose and placement system.
Edge to mark the edges of the ship's passage
1.
Right side red light, steady or flashing
When moving downstream along a shipping channel, the sign is left on the right, when moving upstream, on the left.
2.
Left side green, yellow or white light, steady or flashing
When moving downstream along a shipping channel, the sign remains on the left, when moving upstream, on the right.
3. Separating. To indicate the division of a shipping channel.
or
or
Indicates to the skipper the need to select a navigation course corresponding to the direction of movement of the vessel.
4.Danger signs, protecting dangerous places and navigation obstacles
right bank, light - red, flashing or double flashing,
left bank, light - green, flashing or double flashing
5.Signal signs, indicating the turn of the ship's passage.
right bank, fire - red, flashing or frequently flashing,
left bank, light - white, yellow or green, flashing or frequently flashing
6.Signal signs, indicating the axis of the navigation channel and at the same time its edge to separate oncoming traffic flows
light - white or yellow double flashing
7.Signal signs, rotary-axial to indicate the rotation of the axis of the ship's pole - two black (or white) and three red horizontal stripes of equal width. progress The light is white or yellow, group-frequently flashing.
8. Dumping sign. Indicates a stall current that does not coincide with the direction of the ship's passage. It is installed on the side opposite the dump, upstream.
a) on the right edge indicates that the stall current is directed towards the right edge of the channel.
b) on the left edge indicates that the stall current is directed towards the left edge of the channel
Coastal navigational signs indicating the position of a navigation channel
1.
The color of the shields of coastal direction and pass signs is chosen to create a contrast with the background of the area (light or dark) and does not depend on the coast (right or left). The color of the lights depends on the bank (right or left)
2. Axial alignment to indicate the axis of the navigation, consists of two signs, forward and backward. Sometimes this alignment is called linear. The front sign is located below the rear one.
According to their shape, axial alignment signs can be of three types: rectangular (square) panels; trapezoidal panels; combined (lower shield is trapezoidal, upper shield is square).
Lights on the right bank are red or white on the left bank - green or white on the front signs - constant on the rear - flashing
When following the axis of the navigation channel, the navigator observes combined guide strips of signs (during the day) and lights (at night), located on the same vertical. If the vessel deviates from its axis, the signs shift relative to each other or the conventional line connecting the lights tilts.
On a dark background On a light background
3. Slotted gate to indicate the position of the channel and its edges consists of three signs, two forward and one rear
The lights on the right and left banks are yellow, the front signs are permanent, and the rear signs are flashing.
If the navigator observes the rear shield (light) between the front ones, then the ship is on the channel; if the strip of one of the front shields coincides with the strip of the rear shield, then this means that the ship has reached the edge of the channel.
On a dark background On a light background
4. Edge flap to indicate the exact position of the channel and its edges
The lights are permanent or double-flashing on the right edge, red, on the left, green.
In fact, this alignment can be considered as two combined axial alignments, one of which shows the left edge of the shipping channel, and the other - the right.
As long as the navigator observes during the day the clearance between the vertical edges of the shields of the front and rear signs (at night, the conventional line connecting the lights of these signs is inclined towards the shipping lane), the vessel is in the directional zone.
Two positions of the vessel when orienting along the edge alignment:
a) the vessel is on the left edge of the channel, because the vertical edges of the front and rear signs are combined;
b) the ship is on the axis of the navigation channel.
On a dark background
On a light background
5. Passage sign serves to designate a ship's passage and is installed in places where this passage changes direction from one shore to another. Unlike cross-country crossings, pass signs are placed one at a time.
The shape of pass signs can be:
- a pillar with two square shields attached to its top, indicating two directions of the shipping lane;
- rectangular vertical boards the full height of the sign, installed so that their front sides indicate the directions of the navigation;
- the third type of pass sign is a structure of inclined trapezoidal shields tapering upward with square shields at their tops.
The number of pass signs displayed on a section of the river depends on the tortuosity of the navigation channel. At passes there are usually two signs posted - a sign on the left and right banks. Moreover, if these signs are connected by a conventional straight line, then it will coincide with the axis of the navigation channel.
The lights are constant or flashing, on the right bank they are red or white, on the left - green or white or yellow flashing on both banks
On a dark background
On a light background
6.Spring sign serves to indicate flooded shores and is displayed on flooded islands, ravines, capes to prevent the ship from running aground.
On the left bank, the sign is a structure made of a pillar, on top of which a white trapezoidal shield is fixed. On the right bank there is a round red shield of the spring sign.
The lights are constant, red on the right bank, green on the left
7. Running sign to designate a ship's passage located near the shore.
The sign consists of a pillar and a diamond-shaped shield attached to its top. To increase the visibility range, the shield can be set to the full height of the sign.
Most often this sign is located on clean (running) ravines.
The navigation signs on the left bank are equipped with green flashing lights of all-round visibility, and on the right bank the same red lights.
On the right bank On the left bank
8. Landmark sign Used to designate characteristic noticeable places (cape, island, etc.) on rivers, reservoirs and lakes.
The sign has a rectangular or trapezoidal shape. The shields (sloping) on the left bank are painted with alternating stripes of horizontal black and white, and on the right bank - red and white.
Double flashing lights on the right bank are red or white, on the left - green or white or yellow flashing on both banks
On the right bank On the left bank
| On the right bank |
On the left coast |
|
Or |
Or |
9. Sign "Lighting light" It is installed on the slopes of the banks of shipping canals and serves to orient navigators.
Track lights are placed on both sides of the canal in pairs (opposite each other), usually every 250 m. The sign, as a rule, is a one-meter arbitrary structure painted with ball paint.
At night, at the top of the sign, a green constant light is lit on the left bank, and a red constant light is lit on the right bank. These lights are directed along the canal. In addition, the sign may have a lower white light, which is covered by a canopy on top and illuminates the slope of the canal and the water's edge.
10. Signaling of navigable bridge spans
Signs and lights on bridges.
These signs indicate the spans for the passage of ships, rafters and small watercraft under the bridges from above and below, as well as the direction of the axis of the ship's passage and the height of the under-bridge clearances. A visual appearance and characteristics of signs and lights displayed on bridges is presented
Navigable spans of bridges are indicated by the following signs and lights located on the trusses in the middle of these spans:
a) for ships coming from below - a square shield, at night - two constant red leading lights, visible from the running side of the span;
b) for ships coming from above - a diamond-shaped shield, at night - two constant red leading lights, visible from the running side of the span;
c) for raft trains -
round shield, at night - two constant green directional lights;
d) for small vessels - a triangular shield, with the top down, lights are not displayed at night. On a dark background, the signs are painted white, on a light background - red.
Under-bridge height indicators are square panels (green on a light background or white on a dark background), located vertically one above the other on bridge supports. At night, a green, constant fire burns in the center of each shield.
Composition and distinctive features of floating signs with a cardinal placement system
1. Cardinal signs are designed to fence off navigational dangers. They are placed around the danger according to the principle of fencing it relative to the cardinal directions (along the four main directions of the compass). In this case, the horizon around the danger fences is conventionally divided into four sectors: northern, eastern, southern and western
Cardinal signs are displayed in one, several or all sectors at the same time to indicate the side from which the protected danger should be avoided.
Signs indicating specific hazardous areas
The buoy is black with a wide red horizontal stripe, the light is white and double flashing. A milestone with a topmark: two black balls, one above the other. The sign is placed above the danger.
It is prohibited to use lighting devices, searchlights, as well as billboards, flags and other objects if they can be mistaken for light signaling, lights and signals referred to in these Rules or if they can impair visibility or make it difficult to recognize navigation lights and signals.
Lighthouses
serve to guide navigators when navigating at some estuary sections of large rivers, reservoirs, lakes, as well as the entrance to the canal.
They are towers of various designs and architectures (Fig. 168).
At the top of the lighthouse there is equipment for supplying light signals with the established characteristics and color of the fire. Some beacons are equipped with fog sound alarms, as well as radio equipment for sending radio signals at certain frequencies.
The description of the lighthouses is set out in detail in the corresponding directions, and their exact coordinates (latitude and longitude) of location are plotted on navigation maps.
Schemes for placing navigation signs. To consolidate knowledge of navigational signs and acquire primary skills in orienting by them while sailing, it is useful for a novice navigator to learn to read maps (diagrams) of sections of the route with navigational landmarks marked on them.
The simplest diagrams for placing the most common signs indicating the axis of the navigation route, which is marked with a dotted line, are shown in Fig. 169-172.
The linear alignment is the most common alignment installed on waterways and gives the exact position of the axis of the navigation channel.
Slotted and edge openings are used mainly in areas where it is necessary to ensure increased reliability of the situation, improve the orientation of navigators when passing and overtaking, as well as in places where floating signs are often knocked out of their regular places.
Passage signs(1, 2, 3. 4, 5, 6) are usually installed on the deep banks of river reaches and passes, as well as on waterways with unlit and reflective conditions.
Running signs(7.8) are installed with the expectation of ensuring the movement of vessels from sign to sign, as well as between directional and cross-over signs.
Spring signs are installed on capes and edges of floodplain banks protruding towards the shipping passage. On rice. 177 spring signs indicate dangerous flooded edges of the banks. Signs 1 and 3 - right bank. 2 and 4 left.
Appendix No. 5
to the Rules (paragraphs 125. 167, 183)
Information signs.
The information signs shown on the color tab (application) are divided into three groups:
1. Prohibition signs.
The signal board of these signs has a round shape of white color, the edging and diagonal stripe are red, the symbol is black.
Light - yellow, frequently flashing.
Signs prohibit boatmasters from performing certain actions and maneuvers. Prohibition signs “Passing and overtaking of trains is prohibited!”, “Passing and overtaking is prohibited!*”, “Do not create disturbances!”, “Movement of small watercraft is prohibited!*”, “Semaphore” are installed at the beginning and end of the section to which they apply, in places most convenient for observation from ships.
2. Warning and prescriptive signs.
These signs instruct boaters to exercise caution on this section of the route and comply with certain navigation safety requirements.
Light - yellow, flashing.
The sign “Crossing the navigation channel” is installed above or below the crossing, the sign “Observe the surface clearance!” - on both banks 100 m above or below (downstream) from the location of the crossing, as well as on the support or span of the bridge.
"Attention" signs and "Speed limited!" are installed at the beginning and end of the area covered by their action, in places most convenient for observation from ships.
3. Directional signs.
They inform navigators about the safest places for maneuvering, the location of certain objects, the width of the shipping channel, depths and provide other navigational information.
Prohibition signs
1. Prohibition of passage- the general signal sign "Semaphore" is intended to indicate areas with one-way (alternate) traffic of vessels and also to regulate traffic through the spread spans of floating bridges.
The floating bridge, when it is raised, must have the following light signaling in the dark to allow ships to pass through:
on the right downstream side of the span - two red constant lights (at the downstream and upstream corners of the span);
on the left side of the span - two green constant lights (at the lower and upper corners of the span);
on the allocated part of the bridge, at the end protruding into the river, a signal light corresponding to the edge ones is installed on the core side (red to the right bank, green to the left);
on the erected bridge, white lights are installed along its entire length every 50 m at a height of at least 2 m above the upper deck of the bridge.
Regulation of the passage of ships through the spread parts of the floating bridge is carried out using signals raised on the semaphore mast.
| Name of the sign |
Color and character of fire |
|
|
Semaphore: The passage is closed from below and from above | ||
|
The passage is closed from below | ||
|
The passage is closed from above | ||
|
Traffic light: The move is closed | ||
|
The move is open |
Sign " Traffic light" regulates the movement of ships in the areas of locks, barrier gates of cable ferry crossings and in the lifting navigable spans of bridges.
2.
Sign " Passing and overtaking are prohibited" denotes a section of the navigation channel where overtaking and passing of vessels is prohibited
3.
Sign " Passing and overtaking of trains is prohibited" denotes a section of the shipping lane where passing and overtaking of convoys and large vessels over 120 m in length are prohibited.
at night - eclipsing yellow light
4.
Sign " Don't drop anchor" denotes an underwater passage area where it is prohibited to release anchors, lower chains and lots
At night - two constant yellow lights located vertically
5.
Sign " Don't create commotion" indicates areas of the waterway where disturbance is prohibited.
6.
Sign " Movement of small craft is prohibited" denotes an area where the movement of small vessels is prohibited on the shipping route (on roadsteads in approach channels, at berths, etc.).
At night - eclipsing yellow light
Notes
1. Signs are installed at a distance of 100 m above and below (downstream) from the axis of underwater crossings.
2. Signs are placed in pairs so that each pair forms a transverse section. On canals and sections of rivers in the area of settlements with a channel width of up to 500 m, it is allowed to install one sign on the crossing axis on each bank
3. On waterways with a channel width of up to 500 m, a line of signs is placed on the bank on which they are better visible from ships.
4. If the width of the water putsch is more than 500 m, sign alignments are installed on both banks.
5. If the shipping channel is located along the navigation bank, the alignments of signs are installed only on this bank, regardless of the width of the waterway.
Warning and instructional signs
1.
Sign " Speed limited" denotes sections of the shipping route where the speed of movement of displacement vessels is limited (on canals, in outports, roadstead waters, etc.) numbers indicate the maximum permissible speed (km/h)
2.
Sign " Attention" indicates areas of the shipping route where special care must be taken. Figure - exclamation mark.
At night - yellow flashing light
3.
Sign " Crossing a ship's channel" to indicate places where ships and ferries cross the shipping channel
At night - yellow flashing light
4.
Sign " Observe the above-water clearance" denotes a bridge and overwater crossing. The figure shows the minimum passage height of the overwater crossing, the height of the under-bridge navigable clearance of the navigable span of the bridge from the design water level (m)
At night - two yellow constant lights located horizontally.
Directional signs
1
. Sign " Place of vessel turnover" to indicate the area where it is safest to turn the vessel
At night - constant yellow light
2.
Sign " Shipping inspection post" to designate the locations of shipping inspection units
Constant yellow light
3.
"Stop sign"indicates the useful length of the lock chambers and the boundaries of the mooring (stopping) zone for ships in the approach channels to the locks. The sign is a (vertical) red stripe 0.2-0.4 m wide and at least 1.5 m long, applied on the parapets and (or) walls of chambers and berthing structures of locks
Illuminated by a constant red light.
4.
Sign " Raid index" to indicate the border of the raid. If there are several raids, the number shows the serial number of the raid
Note: It is allowed to install additional shields, where the arrow indicates the direction of the raid, and the numbers indicate the length of the raid (m)
At night - constant lights on the left bank are green, on the right - red
Floating navigational signs.
Lateral system for placing floating navigational signs
V - a system in which marks indicate the sides or axis of a navigation channel. It is used on rivers, reservoirs, canals, small lakes and on approaches to seaports.
It has been established that the right bank is the bank of the inland waterway located to the right of the observer facing the water flow, and the left bank is to the left of the observer facing the water flow.
On canals, lakes and reservoirs, the direction of the current is assumed conditionally and is reported in navigation aids and documents.
On transit ship passages of reservoirs, the names of the sides (right and left) of the edge are usually established in the direction from the pinch-out zone to the dam, on lakes - taking into account the rivers flowing into and flowing out of them.
On the approaches to ports, piers and shelters, as well as on the ship channels of rivers flowing into the reservoir, the name of the edges of the ship channel is taken in the direction of the transit ship channel.
Cardinal system for placing floating navigational signs
-
This is a system in which the fencing of navigational hazards is carried out relative to the cardinal points of the compass. It is used in the seas, large lakes and in the estuaries of large rivers.
Types of floating navigational signs of this system, their description, arrangement, purpose and characteristics of lights are set out in this chapter (§8)"Navigation equipment of the seas".
In the waters of the northwestern part of Europe (on large lakes and at the mouths of large rivers), an international system of navigation equipment has been adopted to protect against dangers - IALA system(Fig. 173).
With a radical arrangement of floating signs of the IALA system, the northern buoy and pole are installed north of the danger (southern - to S, eastern - to E, western - to W) and for safe passage they should be left to the south (southern - to N, eastern - to W, western - to E). The characteristics of the lights of these signs are as follows:
northern buoy - white light, frequently flashing (50-60 flashes per minute);
southern buoy - white intermittent, frequently flashing light followed by a long (at least 2 s) flash (6 frequent and 1 long flash, period 15 s);
eastern buoy- white intermittent, frequently flashing light (3 frequent flashes and a pause, period 10s);
western buoy - white intermittent, frequently flashing light (9 frequent flashes and a pause, period 15s).
The tops of these buoys and milestones are equipped with top figures in the form of black triangles (holics), the location of which relative to each other on each sign is different and is indicated on Figure 173.
Small hazards can be protected by a single buoy with a pole (Fig. 174) without displaying other cardinal signs.
These signs are placed directly above the protected hazard.
Axial system for placing floating navigational marks in sea areas - used to mark the starting points and axes of fairways (channels), as well as the middle of passages in areas dangerous for navigation (Fig. 175).
Lateral system for placing floating signs in sea areas - used for fencing the sides of fairways (channels) and passages (Fig. 176).
Special purpose signs
-
used to mark anchor and quarantine sites (Fig. 177).
Navigation marks They are special structures, usually of a tower type and designed to determine the position of a ship in the sea or orient the ship relative to them by visually perceiving the shape and color of the structure.
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Classification of navigational river signs
River navigation signs according to GOST 26600-98 have the following classification:
- depending on the installation location and operating conditions, signs are divided into floating and shore signs;
- depending on the silhouette of the signal boards, navigation signs are divided into round, triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal, linear and combined;
- in accordance with the purpose of the signs:
- floating signs;
- coastal navigational signs.
Floating navigational marks of the lateral system
Floating navigational signs according to their purpose are divided into edge, rotary, danger, stall, dividing, axial and rotary-axial signs.
Edge signs (milestones, buoys, buoys) are used to mark the edges of the shipping channel.
All signs on the right bank are painted only in red. The right-bank landmarks have a top figure at the top - a black ball or golik (a broom made of twigs). When the vessel moves downstream, these signs are left on the right, against the current - on the left.
On the left bank, the poles and buoys are painted white; on lake-river sections of reservoirs, the buoys can be black, and the buoys are always black. Both the buoys and the left edge buoys are only conical in shape. When the vessel moves downstream, these signs are left on the left, when moving upstream, on the right.
Turning signs - indicate turns in straight sections of a shipping channel that have a significant length, as well as sharp turns in a shipping channel in sections of a waterway with limited visibility or a rocky bottom.
Turning marks are, in principle, ordinary edge marks - buoys or buoys - of a triangular or rectangular silhouette (red, white or black) with a horizontal contrasting (black or white) stripe in the middle. As a rule, they stand near a convex shore. The turning sign of the left edge shows the turn of the ship's passage to the left relative to the current; when passing through it, the vessel must turn to the left, leaving a sign to the left bank.
The turning sign on the right edge shows the turn of the ship's passage to the right relative to the current; when passing through it, the vessel must turn to the right, leaving the sign towards the right bank.
Danger signs - indicate particularly dangerous and underwater obstacles at the edges of the shipping channel (submerged structures, sunken ships, sandbanks, underwater rocks, etc.).
These signs are installed directly at the protected danger on the river side (from the current side). Where these signs are located, the boatmaster must take special precautions to prevent the vessel from approaching this sign.
The danger signs on the left edge are buoys, buoys of a triangular silhouette, white, with one black horizontal stripe in the middle and one vertical stripe.
Right edge hazard signs are buoys, buoys, rectangular silhouette red, with one black or white horizontal stripe in the middle and one black or white vertical stripe.
The main difference between danger signs by color is that the stripes on
buoys and buoys form a clearly visible cross - a danger sign.
Slipping marks indicate places where the direction of the current does not coincide with the direction of the navigation.
Dumping marks are installed near the edge marks on the edge of the shipping channel opposite the current flow, so that the line where the signs are installed shows the direction of the dumping current.
The left edge marks are a buoy or buoy of a triangular silhouette, their lower half is black, the upper half is white.
The right edge markings are a buoy or buoy of a rectangular silhouette in red, the lower half of which is black or white.
Dividing signs indicate places of division (branching) of the shipping channel.
The signs have a triangular silhouette.
They are painted with alternating vertical stripes of red and black (or white).
Instead of a dividing sign, it is allowed to use two edge (paired) signs - the left and right edges of the navigation channel.
Axle marks are installed along the axis of the navigation channel (if its width is at least 300 m), dividing it into two navigation lanes - for ships going upstream and for ships going downstream. Orientation using axle marks is carried out according to the principle - " follow from sign to sign, leaving it on the left." To indicate the axis of the navigation channel, axial buoys and milestones are used, and to indicate the turn of the navigation channel, rotary-axial buoys and milestones are used.
Axial buoys and poles have a triangular or linear silhouette, painted with two black and three white, equal in width, horizontal alternating stripes. The milestone has a round (spherical) top figure of black color at the top.
Rotary-axial buoys have the same shape as axial ones (triangular or linear). Its superstructure is painted with two black or white and three red, equal in width, horizontal alternating stripes.
The pivot pole is painted with two black or white and three red, horizontal alternating stripes. The top figure of the milestone is a black ball.
Today, the movement of vehicles is carried out in various environments: land, air, sea. Both for land transport and for sea vessels there is a system of rules and signs that regulate their movement and ensure safe navigation on the surface of water channels.
What is the IALA system?
The IALA Maritime and Lighthouse Services System is a unified hazard fencing system founded in 1957 to ensure the safety of the movement of ships on the surface of the world's oceans. It has several types of regulatory floating signs and other navigational equipment to prevent accidents in the maritime space and ensure the safety of the property of moving ships.
IALA Principles
The main principle of IALA is the territorial division of the world's oceans by a conditional axis - the main fairway (channel). To the left of the fairway, the sea space is usually called region A, and to the right - region B. The countries included in them differ in the color of the designation of aids to navigation (Aids to Navigation). So, for region A the color is red, and for region B it is green. For each of them, the reference point of the sea space begins in the direction from the main fairway (with the exception of certain cases).
The IALA system is also based on the following legitimate principles:
- The minimum number of aids to navigation required for the safe navigation of seaworthy vehicles.
- IALA floating signs are easy to recognize in the dark by the frequency of flashes on them, and in the daytime by the shape and color of the top figures.
- The colors of the lights (white, green and red) vary on different types of navigation signs and have different meanings.
- Along with navigational hazards, the signs also protect ships that have been involved in accidents and sunken ships.
The International Association of Lighthouse Authorities regulates maritime navigation using five types of floating marks:
- Lateral.
- Cardinal.
- Special.
- Axial.
- Fencing signs for individual hazards.
Lateral signs
Unlike subsequent types of signs, lateral ones have a characteristic color that is different for regions A and B. Thus, the lateral signs of region A are red, and in region B they are colored green.
The purpose of these navigation aids is to indicate the boundaries of the movement path. They are exhibited along longitudinal channels, fairways and other sea and river passages (which have clearly defined boundaries) that pose a danger to traffic.
The lateral signs have cylindrical or conical shapes.
The fencing of the fairway with lateral signs is carried out according to the principle of the right and left sides. Thus, if you move in the direction from the sea, then on the right there should be buoys or poles of green color with a top figure located at the top - a triangle (sometimes the structure is complemented by a flashing green light). The left side is indicated by red shapes with a rectangle and a red fire on top.
Lateral signs are used not only to highlight the boundaries of sea and river passages, but also to separate them in order to identify priority ones. Thus, red marks with a wide green stripe in the middle and a possible additional top hat and red light will indicate that the main fairway is on the right. Conversely, green markers/buoys with a red stripe and a green light and triangle on top are interpreted as symbolizing that the main channel is to the left.
Cardinal signs
This system of navigation signs is used to indicate dangers and obstacles in the path of sea or river transport, and also shows which side to avoid the danger.
The signs are pillar-shaped, black and yellow, with two black triangles and sometimes a white light on top. The arrangement of black and yellow stripes, as well as triangles, differ depending on the type of cardinal sign.
They are set according to the principle of being away from danger depending on the cardinal directions. Thus, cardinal signs are divided into 4 types: northern (located from the north of danger), southern (from the south), western (from the west), eastern (from the east). Having seen one of them, the driver of the vessel must avoid the danger from the side of the world to which this means of navigation equipment belongs. That is, if there is a southern cardinal sign, then you need to avoid the danger from the southern side.
Special purpose signs
To highlight special areas or objects, special floating signs are used. Examples of the use of special signs: a traffic separation area, a soil dump, a cable or pipeline connection, a military zone, a training ground, the location of fishing gear, anchorages, etc.
Floating signs can be of any shape provided for by a unified navigation system in the aquatic environment. The characteristic color of the signs of this group is yellow; a curved cross or the letter “x” is used as the top figure. If there is a signal light, a yellow light can be seen on them.
The number of signs displayed depends on the significance and area of the area or object. For a small object, one special sign is placed in the middle of the object, and if you need to highlight a fairly significant area, the arrangement of special signs is used according to the principle of tracing the perimeter.
Axial marks
The centerline mark, or, as it is also called, the clear water sign, informs the boatmaster that there is a water area around the object that is safe for navigation, in other words, it marks the axis of the fairway and indicates a safe course.
The IALA navigation system includes 3 forms of axial marks: sphere, pole and cylinder. The color consists of alternating vertical stripes of red and white. At the top there is a top figure - a red ball and a white flashing light.
Selected Hazard Fence Signs
To designate individual underwater objects that pose a danger to a moving vessel, floating fencing signs are used. These navigation aids mean that various kinds of obstacles are only located directly under the sign, and the surrounding water area is safe for the movement of sea and river transport. The category of individual hazards includes: remains of a sunken ship, shallow water.
The group of navigation aids is represented by columnar or conical shapes with a wide base (landmarks), black in color with one or more horizontal red stripes. The top figure is two black balls located one above the other.
Coastal navigational marks depending on their purpose, they are divided into two groups: designations of the position of the navigation channel and information .
To shore signs indicating the position of the navigation channel These include gate, pass, way, spring, “Landmark” signs, bridge span signs and “Tracking light”.
Coastal markers consist of a support pillar and a shield of a certain shape and color mounted on it. For these signs, signal boards of five types are used: rectangular, square, trapezoidal, round and combined. The shape of the shield depends on the purpose of the coastal mark.
The dimensions of signal boards, depending on the range of the sign, are regulated by the State Standard. The height of shore signs is determined by a special calculation taking into account the relief of the shoreline.
On inland waterways, axial (linear), slot and edge gates are used.
Axial alignment(Fig. 6.1) consists of two signs - front and rear, identical in shape, located along the axis of the navigation channel.
Rice. 6.1. Layout of axial sections on the river section:
1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – sections on a light background; 3 – sections on a dark background
On axial alignment signs, four types of signal boards are used: square (Fig. 6.2, a), rectangular (Fig. 6.2, b), trapezoidal (Fig. 6.2, c) and combined (Fig. 6.2, d - the top board is square, located vertically, and the lower one is trapezoidal, located obliquely to the vertical).
Rice. 6.2. Axial alignments for light (left) and dark (right) terrain backgrounds
(the part of the sign area painted red is conventionally indicated by shading)
The color of signal boards is chosen depending on the background of the surrounding area. If the background is light, the shields are painted red with a white or black vertical stripe in the middle, and if the background is dark - white with a black vertical stripe, and if they are located against the sky - then black.
At night, there is a red, white or yellow signal light on the axial direction signs of the right bank, and green, white or yellow on the left bank signs. In this case, the character (mode) of the light of the front sign is constant, and that of the rear sign is flashing or constant.
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Rice. 6.3. Orientation along the axial alignment: a – the vessel is in the target zone; b – the vessel left the target zone; 1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – rear target sign; 3 – front target sign; 4 – shore; 5 – isobath of guaranteed depth; 6 – sighting curves limiting the target area; 7 – alignment axis; 8 – imaginary vertical passing through the target lights; 9 – rear sign light; 10 – front sign light
Axial alignment serves to indicate the axis of the ship's passage. The principle of its operation is as follows (Fig. 6.3). Two guidance marks or lights - front and rear, located on the shore at some distance from each other, form a guidance line, the extension of which towards the water space must coincide with the position of the axis of the navigation channel. A sign that a vessel is on the leading line will be the location of the front and rear marks or lights on the same vertical (Fig. 6.3, a). Deviation of the relative position of the front and rear signs or lights from the vertical indicates that the vessel is deviating away from the axis of the navigation channel and leaving the channel area (Fig. 6.3, b). When the vessel leaves the guidance zone, the navigator must change course to return to this zone.
Slotted gate consists of three signs - two forward and one rear and serves to indicate the position of the navigation channel and its edges (Fig. 6.4).
The two front signs are installed on a line perpendicular to the axis of the target and are located at the same distance from it. The rear sign is installed on the axis of the alignment, which must coincide with the axis of the navigation channel.
Signal boards for slotted gate signs are of one type - rectangular in shape. They are painted depending on the background of the surrounding area: on a light background - red with a white or black vertical stripe in the middle (Fig. 6.4, a), on a dark background - white with a black vertical stripe (Fig. 6.4, b).
White or yellow signal lights are used on slotted signs, constant lights are used on front signs, and flashing lights are used on rear signs. If there are extraneous lights in the area where the slotted section is located, red signal lights are used on signs installed on the right bank; green lights are used on the left bank. In this case, the front lights are constant, and the rear lights are flashing.
Rice. 6.4. Layout of the slotted section on the section of the waterway: 1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – alignment axis; 3 – alignment signs; a – slotted door for a light background; b – slotted gate for a dark background
The principle of operation of the slot gate is shown in Fig. 6.5. When the vessel moves along the axis of the navigation channel (Fig. 6.5, a), the rear sign (light) is visible exactly in the middle of the distance between the front signs (lights). As the vessel deviates from the axis of the navigation channel, the symmetry of the location of the signs is disrupted (Fig. 6.5, b), while the clearance between the rear and front signs of the edge to which the ship is approaching is reduced.If the ship goes beyond the boundary of the target zone (Fig. 6.5, c), the gap between the shields of the rear and one of the front signs disappears.
The navigator must not allow the vessel to leave the specified zone, since this does not ensure traffic safety.
Slotted sections are used mainly in reservoirs and estuaries of large rivers.
Rice. 6.5. Orientation along the slot opening:
a – vessel on the alignment axis; b – the vessel deviated from the alignment axis; in - the ship leftfrom the target area; 1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – isobath of guaranteed depth; 3 – alignment axis; 4 – rear sign; 5 – front sign; 6 – sighting curves, forming the target zone
Edge flap intended to indicate one edge of the navigation channel. The target consists of two characters - the front one and the higher back one. The alignment axis intersects the vertical edge of the rear sign facing the fenced edge of the navigation channel. The front sign is slightly shifted from this axis towards the same edge. To indicate both edges of the navigation channel, two edge alignments are installed - left and right (Fig. 6.6).The signal board of the front edge sign has a rectangular shape, and the rear one has the shape of a rectangular trapezoid. Signs are painted white on a dark background, and red on a light background. Lights - green on the left edge, front constant, rear double-flashing; on the right edge there are red ones, the front is constant, the rear is double-flashing.
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Rice. 6.6. Edge section: 1 – flow direction; 2 – left edge of the navigation channel; 3 – right edgenavigation; 4 – leading signs to indicate two edges of the navigation channel
Rice. 6.7. Types of signal boards for pass signs:
a – square; b – rectangular; c – combined
Passage signs(Fig. 6.7) are coastal navigation signs to indicate the direction of a ship's passage moving (transferring) from one shore to another, as well as to indicate the beginning and end of a section with a deep (navigable) shore.A pass sign consists of a support pillar and a signal board of a certain shape mounted on it. There are three types of shields for pass signs: square (Fig. 6.7, a), rectangular (Fig. 6.7, b) and combined (Fig. 6.7, c). Signs located on a light background of the area are painted red, and on a dark background – white.
Rice. 6.8. Running signs
Running signs(Fig. 6.8) are shore signs that indicate that the shipping channel is located along the deep shore on which they are installed. They consist of a pillar - a support and a signal board - a rhombus (Fig. 6.8, a), or a shield in the form of an elongated rhombus with sharp corners cut off (Fig. 6.8, b). To ensure visibility from all directions, shields are usually made three-dimensional. This is achieved through a cross-shaped connection of two flat shields (diamonds) or by connecting two shields (elongated rhombuses) in plan at an angle of 90.The color of the shield and the pillar of the navigation sign, in contrast to the leading and pass signs, depends on the name of the bank on which it is installed. On the right bank the color is red, on the left bank it is white. To create a contrast with the background of the area, the supports of the running signs are painted with alternating stripes of red and white on the right bank and white and black on the left bank.
Rice. 6.9. Spring signs
The traffic signs on the right bank have red flashing lights, and the signs on the left bank have green flashing lights.Spring signs(Fig. 6.9) are installed to indicate banks flooded during high water, islands, capes protruding into the riverbed, etc. They do not directly indicate the axis or edge of the channel and serve to determine the position of the channel together with other signs.
The spring sign is a signal figure mounted on a support pillar, consisting of two cross-shaped shields, shaped like a circle on the right bank (Fig. 6.9, a) and a trapezoid on the left bank (Fig. 6.9, b). The signal figure can also be made of three planes intersecting at an angle of 120 in plan.
The shields of spring signs on the right bank are painted red, and on the left – white. The sign supports are painted the same color as the shields.
At night, the signs on the right bank have permanent red lights, and the signs on the left bank have permanent green lights.
Sign« Reference point"(Fig. 6.10) is used on rivers and reservoirs to designate characteristic banks, capes, islands and other noticeable places on the coastline. They do not directly indicate the position of the navigation channel, but allow navigators to determine it indirectly (by the position of the vessel relative to the Landmark sign).
By design, signs are made in the form of pillars with two shields (Fig. 6.10, a) and three or tetrahedral prisms and pyramids (Fig. 6.10, b). Two types of signal boards are used: rectangular and trapezoidal.
Rice. 6.10. Landmark signs:
a – in the form of single pillars with signal boards;
b – in the form of three and tetrahedral prisms and pyramids
Signboards installed on the right bank are painted with five alternating horizontal stripes of red and white, and on the left bank - black and white, with the top stripe being red or black, respectively.
The "Landmark" signs on the right bank have red, white or yellow double-flash lights, and the signs on the left bank have green, white or yellow double-flash lights.
"Lighting Light" Signs(Fig. 6.11, a) serve to mark the banks of the shipping canal at night. The shape of signs carrying directional lights is not regulated. Structurally, the sign is a support, at the top of which there is a lantern with two lenses in the side walls. An electric lamp is placed in the lantern. Through the lenses of the side walls, signal lights shine along the bank of the canal. On the right bank there are red constant or flashing lights, on the left bank there are green constant or flashing lights.
Identification marks(Fig. 6.11, b) serve to mark the entrance to a canal, port, outport, shelter from the side of a lake or reservoir.
Rice. 6.11. Sign "Tracking light" (a) and identification marks (b)
Signs are constructed in the form of towers of various architectures and installed on the heads of dams, piers and breakwaters. They are painted in a color that provides the necessary contrast with the surrounding background of the area.At the tops of the identification signs, permanent or flashing all-round signal lights are installed: green on the left bank signs and red on the right bank signs.
On the sides of the markings facing the shipping channel, a permanent light of the same color as on their tops may be installed.
Each lighthouse has its own distinctive shape, color and fire characteristics. Descriptions of lighthouses and their geographical coordinates are given in the corresponding directions and on maps.
Rice. 6.13. Navigation sign
Luminous marine navigation sign(luminous sign) - a means of navigation equipment for the seas and large lakes, which is a day and night landmark of a special construction, having a light-optical device with a white light visibility range of up to 10 miles. This is a structure of the same type as the lighthouse, but of lighter construction (Fig. 6.13). The shape of navigational signs can be different; they are constructed from stone, brick, metal, wood, etc. The sign may have distinctive shields and top figures. Radar reflectors are often installed on them.Non-illuminated navigation sign- a structure of the same type as a luminous sign, but without a light-optical apparatus.
Marine navigation light (light)- a means of navigation equipment for seas and large lakes, which is a night landmark and is a light-optical device installed on natural objects or non-special constructions (building, rock, pillar, etc.).