Mazda

Coastal navigation signs for shipping conditions. Mams system (International Association of Lighthouse Authorities): floating, lateral, cardinal signs Signs regulating traffic on inland waterways

Floating signs are installed in addition to coastal ones, to indicate the edges or axis of the shipping channel and fairway, as well as to indicate the locations of underwater obstacles, turns and branches of the shipping channel, and to indicate the direction of the drift current.

Floating navigational marks include buoys, buoys and milestones.

The design of the sign is determined by the hydrological conditions of the waterway on which it is installed. There are four types of floating sign silhouettes on inland waterways: triangular, rectangular, round and linear. Each silhouette sign, depending on its visibility range, has different dimensions of the surface part, which are regulated by the State Standard. So the height of the fire above the water level is 0.8-1.5 m for river buoys, 2-3 m for lake buoys and 3.1-6.5 m for sea buoys.

The need to install buoys with different types of signal figure silhouettes on the edges of the shipping channel is caused by the difficulty of recognizing the color of the signs under unfavorable conditions. So, when the Sun is behind the buoy at a low altitude, the distance at which the color of the buoy is recognized is 150-200 m. This distance is not enough to perform maneuvers in a timely manner, especially in conditions of a winding ship's passage. The use of buoys of different silhouettes significantly increases the distance from which they can be recognized as belonging to the right or left edge. On lake and sea buoys, top figures are used for this purpose.

Depending on the hydrological features of the installation site and operating conditions, buoys are divided into river, lake-river, lake and sea. River and lake-river buoys are adapted to work in areas where the predominant factors influencing them are static loads - current and constant wind load, while other buoys are adapted to work in areas where the main factor is the disturbance of the water surface. When installing buoys of the first group, a reduction in the roll angle under the influence of the current is provided, for the second group - a reduction in the roll angle in waves.

River and lake-river buoy(Fig. 6.21) is a metal float with a surface part that has a triangular and rectangular silhouette. At its top there is a circular signal light. In the above-water part of the buoy body in a special case
The power supply for the signal light is located. The buoy is held in place by an anchor. Buoys are the predominant type of floating mark on inland waterways.

Sea buoy(Fig. 6.22) consists of a cylindrical body with a metal lattice superstructure and a shank with cast iron ballast. A light-optical apparatus is installed at the top of the superstructure. Ballast provides the buoy with the necessary stability. Inside the case there are hermetically sealed canisters in which electric batteries or acetylene cylinders are placed that power the light-optical apparatus. To obtain the desired fire characteristics, an electric flasher or an acetylene flasher is introduced into the buoy equipment. Passive radar reflectors are installed on lake and sea buoys, thanks to which their detection range is significantly increased.

To give sound signals in poor visibility, sea buoys are equipped with sound signaling devices: bells and air wave howlers. The action of the bell is based on the use of inertial forces that arise when the buoy rocks; the howler is driven by vertical oscillations of the buoy caused by waves.

The anchoring device of the buoys consists of an anchor chain into which a swivel is inserted, and a cast iron or concrete anchor. The length of the anchor chain is usually taken equal to double or triple the depth at the place where the buoy is placed.

Buoy(Fig. 6.23) is a floating sign consisting of a raft with a signal figure attached to it - a superstructure. The signal figure, depending on the purpose of the buoy, has a silhouette in the form of a triangle, circle or rectangle. The buoy raft and its superstructure are made of wood.

Rice. 6.23. Buoys:

a – pyramidal; b – ball; c – cylindrical

The superstructure of the triangular silhouette is a triangular pyramid. Its edges are made of bars and sheathed with thin boards with a gap of 1.5-2.0 cm. At the top of the pyramid there is a pin for installing a signal light. A shelf is arranged inside the pyramid to accommodate the lantern's power supplies. Buoys of a triangular silhouette are used for fencing, as a rule, the left edge of the ship's passage.

The superstructure of a round silhouette (ball) consists of two intersecting round board panels attached crosswise to a vertical post. The lantern is mounted on top of this post. The power supply shelf is located in the corner between the circles.

The superstructure of a rectangular silhouette (cylindrical) consists of two round rims with plank upholstery. It can also be made in the form of three planes (rectangles) intersecting at an angle of 120°, mounted on a raft.

Buoys in the form of a ball or cylinder are installed only to indicate the right edge of the navigation channel.

Typically, buoys and buoys are used only during physical navigation periods when waterways are clear of ice. During the period of spring and autumn ice drift, and on reservoirs, non-luminous cigar-shaped ice buoys are used as backup ones.

Lake and river floating milestones(Fig. 6.24, a, b) are used for fencing the shipping passage on waterways with unlit navigation equipment, and are also used for installation together with buoys and buoys as additional signs in particularly difficult areas (turns, approaches to berths, etc. .) or as control ones - for duplicating buoys and buoys.

A pole is a vertically or obliquely floating wooden pole, to the lower end of which an anchor weight is attached. The length of a lake pole reaches 10 m, and a river pole reaches 3-8 m. The upper part of the pole, protruding from the water (about 1/3 of the length), is painted in accordance with the purpose of the pole. On the milestones of the right edge and the axis of the navigation channel, the top (distinctive) figures in the form of a circle are fixed, made of two intersecting disks.

Marine milestones(Fig. 6.24, c) are used as marine floating warning signs to fence off marine navigational hazards, mark the position of sea channels and fairways, underwater cables, and anchorages. The marine pole consists of a steel body, a metal pipe (pole), a top figure, a counterweight (ballast) and an anchor device. The length of the metal marine pole reaches 9 m.

On inland waterways, lateral, axial and cardinal floating navigation signs are used, which have their own distinctive features in terms of coloring and the nature of the signal light, depending on their purpose and placement.

Lateral floating signs indicate the edges (sides) of a shipping channel or fairway, and axial– the axis of the shipping channel or fairway.

Cardinal floating signs certain navigational hazards (shoals, banks, rocks, capes, sunken ships, etc.) on the seas and large lakes are protected. Floating signs are placed around the danger in such a way that they protect it relative to the cardinal points.

Lateral signs are divided into edge, rotary, danger signs (standing on the danger), dump, dividing, and axial– axial and rotary-axial.

Edge marks serve to mark the edges of the ship's passage. The right edge of the shipping channel is fenced with buoys or buoys of a rectangular, round or linear silhouette of red color, as well as red milestones with a topmark (Fig. 6.25, a). At night, a constant or flashing red light is lit on the right edge signs.

The left edge of the shipping channel is fenced with floating signs of a triangular or linear silhouette in white or black (black is used on lakes or reservoirs), as well as white milestones (Fig. 6.25, b). The signal light of buoys and buoys on the left edge is white, yellow or green, constant or flashing.

On rivers, the names of the edges (sides) of the navigation channel are taken in the direction of the flow. On transit ship passages of reservoirs, the names of the edges are taken in the direction from the zone of pinching out of the backwater to the dam. On shipping canals, the accepted name of the parties is conventional and is indicated in projects for the development of these waterways. On lakes, the names of the parties are usually taken into account the rivers flowing into and out of them and are indicated on maps.

Rotary signs are used to indicate turns in straight sections of the shipping lane that have a significant length, as well as turns in the shipping lane in areas with limited visibility and a rocky bottom. On rivers they are usually installed in steep places.
gates of the waterway, when the relief of the coastal strip does not allow you to see navigational signs located behind the bend.

A turn sign installed on the right edge (when moving down) indicates a right turn. It is a buoy of a rectangular or linear silhouette of red color with a black or white horizontal stripe in the middle (Fig. 6.25, c). The signal light of the right edge buoys is red, frequently flashing or flashing.

The left edge turn sign, indicating a left turn, is a buoy of a triangular or linear silhouette, painted white with a black horizontal stripe in the middle or black with a white horizontal stripe in the middle (Fig. 6.25, d). Signal light - green, white, yellow, frequently flashing or flashing.

Danger signs(duplicate signs) serve to designate individual, especially dangerous obstacles for navigation (hidden underwater straightening and water intake structures, single rocks, sunken ships, etc.) located near the edge of the shipping channel. These obstacles are protected by two floating signs - an edge one and a backup one (standing at the danger). The danger sign is installed directly at the fenced danger on the river side, and the edge sign is 10-15 m from it towards the axis of the navigation channel. If the edge sign is knocked down by a vessel, a duplicate sign remains, which ensures the safety of vessel traffic.

The left edge danger sign (Fig. 6.25, e) is a buoy or buoy of a triangular silhouette, painted white with a black horizontal stripe in the middle and three to four black vertical stripes, which, when intersecting, form a cross. At night, a green double-flashing or flashing light is lit on this sign.

The right edge danger sign (Fig. 6.25, e) is a red rectangular silhouette buoy with white or black horizontal and vertical stripes forming a cross when crossed. Signal light - red double flashing or flashing.

dump signs indicate sections of the waterway with strong currents that significantly impede navigation. They are installed upstream on the edge of the ship's passage, opposite the dump.

The left edge dump mark (Fig. 6.26, a) is a buoy or buoy of a triangular silhouette, the upper half of which is painted white and the lower half black. The signal light is green, group-frequently flashing or flashing.

The dumping mark of the right edge (Fig. 6.26, b) is a buoy or buoy of a rectangular silhouette, the upper half of which is painted red, and the lower half is painted white or black. Signal light - red group, frequently flashing or flashing.

It should be noted that on a section of the waterway, a flashing light can only be used on one of the above floating signs. For example, if a flashing light is used on edge signs, then a flashing light cannot be installed on turn, dump and danger signs.

Dividing marks serve to indicate the separation of the shipping lane. The sign is a buoy of a triangular silhouette, painted with three black or white and three red alternating vertical stripes, equal to each other (Fig. 6.26, c).

The division of the navigation channel can also be indicated by two adjacent floating signs of the left and right edges of the navigation channel (paired sign) (Fig. 6.26, d).

On the dividing sign in the dark, two signal lights are lit simultaneously: red and green, red and white, or red and yellow flashing lights. On the paired dividing sign there is a signal light: on the right edge sign - red constant; on the left edge sign – green, white or yellow permanent.

Axial marks(Fig. 6.26, d) are installed along the axis of the navigation channel, dividing it into two running parts. Orientation by these signs is carried out according to the principle: “Follow from sign to sign, leaving me on the left.”

The axial buoy has a triangular or linear silhouette, painted with two black and three white, equal in width, horizontal alternating stripes. Signal light - white or yellow double flashing. The axial pole has the same color as the axial buoy.

Rotary axle signs(Fig. 6.26, e) serve to indicate the turn of the ship's passage. Buoys and milestones are used as these signs. The rotary-axial buoy has the same shape as the axial one, but its surface part is painted with two black or white and three red stripes. Signal light - white or yellow group-flash.

Floating signs are placed no later than on the third day after the waterway is cleared of ice and remain in effect until grease and slush appear.

On large lakes and in the sea waters of Russia, the floating fencing system of the International Association of Lighthouse Services has been adopted - IALA system.

The IALA system provides for the division of the World Ocean into two regions - the region A and region B.

The IALA floating containment system is generally the same for both regions. Dividing the system into regions A And B caused only by differences in the color of the lateral marks and lights.

Russia, countries of Europe, Asia (except Japan and South Korea), Africa and Australia declared their membership in the region A. In Region A, red signs and lights are used for the left side of fairways and channels (red on the left), and green for the right side of fairways and channels.

In the region B, to which the countries of North and South America, Japan and South Korea have declared their membership, the red color is adopted for fencing the right side of fairways and channels (red on the right).

The IALA floating barrier system includes five types of signs: lateral signs; cardinal signs; small sized individual hazard signs; axial marks (signs indicating the starting points and axis of a fairway or channel and the middle of a passage); special purpose signs.

Lateral signs IALA systems are divided into fairway and channel side fencing signs and fairway separation signs.

Fairway side fencing signs(Fig. 6.27) serve to designate the sides of the fairway (channel).

On the left side of the fairways, signs are placed completely painted in red; the top figures look like a red cylinder (Fig. 6.27, a). Signal light – red flashing (period 3 s).

On the right side of the fairways there are signs painted completely green (Fig. 6.27, b). The top figure is a green cone with the top up. Signal light – green flashing (period 3 s).

Fairway separation signs(Fig. 6.28) are installed in places where the fairway divides and show the position of the main fairway (channel) relative to the posted sign, counting from the sea. The sign “Main fairway on the right” (Fig. 6.28, a) is painted red with a wide green horizontal stripe. The top figure is shaped like a red cylinder. The signal light is red, the character of the light is complex group flashing (period 9 s). The sign “Main fairway on the left” (Fig. 6.28, b) is painted green with a wide red horizontal stripe. The top figure is a cone with the apex up. The signal light is green, the character of the light is complex group flashing (period 9 s).

Cardinal signs(Fig. 6.29) are designed to protect navigational hazards. They are placed around the danger according to the principle of fencing it relative to the cardinal points (along the four main directions of the compass). In this case, the horizon around the danger is conventionally divided into four sectors: northern, eastern, southern and western. Cardinal signs are displayed in one, several or all sectors at the same time to indicate the side from which the protected danger should be avoided. The cardinal sign is called by the name of the sector in which it is located.

North sign It is black at the top and yellow at the bottom. The top figure is two cones with their vertices up. The signal light is white, frequently flashing.

Eastern sign It is black in color with a wide horizontal yellow stripe. The top figure is two black cones with their bases together. The signal light is a white flashing light of three frequent flashes (period 10 s).

South sign It is yellow at the top and black at the bottom. The top figure is two black cones with their vertices down. Light – white, six frequent flashes and one long flash, period 15 s.

Western sign It is yellow in color with a wide horizontal stripe of black. The top figure is two black cones with their vertices together. Signal light - white, nine frequent flashes, period 15 s.

Small individual hazard signs(Fig. 6.30, a) protect individual, small-sized dangers (including sunken ships), inscribed in a circle with a radius of 100 m. They are placed above the danger and can be bypassed from any side. The color of the signs is black with a wide red horizontal stripe. The top piece is two black balls one above the other. Light – white, double flashing, period 5 s.

Axial marks(Fig. 6.30, b) serve to designate the starting points and axes of fairways (channels) and the middle of passages. They are installed on the axis of fairways, recommended courses and the middle of safe passages. The signs are painted with red and white vertical stripes. The top piece is one red ball. Signal light – white long-flashing (period 6 s).

Special purpose signs(Fig. 6.30, c) are used for fencing special areas, training grounds and objects (for example, for fencing soil dumps, military training sites, cable laying, etc.). The color of the sign is yellow, the top figure is one yellow oblique cross. Signal light – yellow flashing (period 5 s).

Index, name and meaning of the sign (fire)	Type of signal board	Color, character and relative position of lights

Passing and overtaking are prohibited! To designate a site ship's course, where overtaking and divergence ships prohibited.
Divergence and overtaking of trains is prohibited! To designate a section of the shipping lane where overtaking and passing of convoys and large vessels over 120 m in length are prohibited.
Don't drop anchor! To designate the underwater passage area where it is prohibited to drop anchors, lower chains, drags, or lots. Note: Signs are established by the owners of structures in agreement with the authorities regulating shipping.
Don't create disturbances! To designate areas of the waterway where it is prohibited to create disturbances. Note:
Movement of small floating funds are prohibited! To designate an area where traffic is prohibited on a ship's course undersized ships (in roadsteads, in approach channels, at berths, etc.).
Traffic light To regulate the movement of ships in the areas of locks, barrier gates, ferry cable crossings and lifting navigation spans of bridges.
2. Warning and instructional signs
Speed limited! To designate sections of the shipping route where the speed of movement of displacement vessels is limited (on canals, in outports, roadstead waters, etc.). The numbers show the maximum permissible speed (km/h).
Attention! To indicate a section of a shipping route where special care must be taken.
Crossing the shipping channel! To mark places where ships and ferry crossings cross the shipping channel. Note: Signs are installed by the owners of structures in agreement with the authorities regulating shipping.
Observe the above-water clearance! To mark overwater and bridge crossings. The figure shows the minimum clearance height of the overwater crossing, the height of the under-bridge navigable clearance of the navigable span of the bridge from the calculated high navigable water level (m).
3. Directional signs
Place of vessel turnover To indicate the area where it is safest to make turns of the vessel.
Shipping inspection post To designate the locations of shipping inspection units. Note: The signs are installed by the post owners.
Stop To indicate the useful length of the lock chambers and the boundaries of the mooring (stopping) zone for ships in the approach channels to the locks. The stop sign should be made in the form of a vertical red stripe 0.2-0.4 m wide, at least 1.5 m long, applied on the parapets and (or) walls of the chambers and berthing structures of the locks. Notes: 1. The use of signal boards with the inscription “Stop” is allowed. 2. The inscription “Stop” can be painted on the walls next to the red stripe.

The minimum passage height of a surface crossing is a value equal to the difference between the crossing height and the established margin, which is determined based on the conditions of the maximum sag of the wires and the maximum navigable water level.

Under-bridge navigation clearance - a rectangular outline of the space in the navigable span of a bridge within the navigation passage (in a section perpendicular to the axis of the navigation passage), free from protruding elements of the bridge structure and devices located on it, including navigational signs.

Notes

1. Signs are installed by the owners of structures in agreement with the authorities regulating shipping.

2. On a bridge, signs are installed on a support or on a superstructure; in this case, it is allowed to use signs without lights. Size limitation signs (additional vertical safety markings) must comply with the requirements of the standard.

Raid signs

Raid indicator (raid sign) to indicate the border of the raid.

Notes

1. It is allowed to install additional shields, where the arrow indicates the direction of the raid, and the numbers indicate the length of the raid (m).

2. On roadsteads of non-public use, signs are installed by the owners of roadsteads in agreement with the authorities regulating shipping.

Color, character and location of raid sign lights
Sign	On the left coast	On the right bank

Front

Small boat and navigation

Small boats must travel outside the navigation channel or in a designated lane. If, due to the conditions of the route, such following is impossible, they can go along the ship's channel along the right edge of the ship's direction within up to 10 m from it, while they must not impede the movement and maneuvering of large vessels on the ship's channel and are obliged to leave their path in advance without exchanging sound and visual signals.

Buoys (marking the edge (edge) of the shipping channel) are located at a distance of 250-500 m from each other. If the next buoy is not visible, stay on your course and adjust it when the buoy becomes visible.

Small vessels, if necessary, can cross the channel and also make a turn to cross the channel, usually behind the stern of passing vessels. The intersection should be carried out at an angle close to a straight line (+/- 15 0), and as soon as possible.

To rescue people, you can go out onto the shipping lane without restrictions.

Small boats are prohibited from:

· maneuver and stop near other vessels, dredgers, floating cranes, etc., moving or standing. and in between;

· stop and anchor within the ship's channel (traffic lane), as well as at floating navigational signs;

· go out into the shipping lane in limited (less than 1 km) visibility.

Rule of the road

If two vessels are on opposite courses in such a way that there is a risk of collision, each vessel must change course to starboard so that they can pass on their port sides.

If two small vessels are on intersecting courses and there may be a risk of collision, the following rules apply:

· small motorized vessels must give way to all other small non-motorized vessels;

· small non-motorized vessels and vessels not sailing must give way to sailing vessels.

General rule: the one who has it easier gives way + the right-hand rule applies.

MS discrepancies outside the shipping lane

If the courses intersect - divergence on the left sides

If they do NOT intersect - either side

Night

When sailing at night, a self-propelled small vessel must carry: a masthead light (white), side lights (left-red, right-green) and stern lights (white), while the side lights can be combined in one lamp located along the axis of the vessel in the bow (in any case, the onboard ones turn on only when moving). Small vessels towed and moving in a formation must carry an all-round white light.

Navigation lights and signs

The general principle for navigation lights and signs: on the right along the stream all the signs are mostly red, on the left - white (or black), lights - on the right - red, on the left - green (or both white or yellow), alignments (a bunch of boards for orientation in the direction of the shipping lane) - white on a dark background, red on a light background].

Spring sign serves to indicate flooded shores and is displayed on flooded islands, ravines, capes to prevent the ship from running aground.

On the left bank = a structure made of a pillar, on top of which a white trapezoidal shield is fixed.

On the right bank = a round red shield.

The spring sign on the left bank is equipped with a constant green light, and on the right - red.

a) on the left bank; b) on the right bank

Danger sign indicates particularly dangerous places at the edges of the shipping channel (submerged structures, dam heads, etc.). The sign is placed directly above the end of the obstacle on the side of the navigation channel.

Duplicates the usual edge sign, placed at a distance of 10-15 mm from the danger sign towards the shipping channel. It is prohibited to approach the danger sign (swim only along the ship's channel!!).

a) on the left edge

b) on the right edge

Name of the sign	View	Color and characteristics of fire	Appointments
Don't drop anchor!			Indicates the underwater passage area where it is prohibited to drop anchors or lower chains - drags, lots
Don't create disturbances!			Designates a section of the waterway where it is prohibited to create disturbances (near landing stages, beaches, bathing areas, boat stations and other structures). Need to slow down
The movement of small boats is prohibited!			Designates an area where the movement of small vessels is prohibited on the shipping route (in roadsteads, in approach channels, at berths, etc.)

Attention!			Warns of the need to be careful (blind, narrow sections of the shipping channel, sharp turns)
Crossing a ship's channel			Indicates the places where ships and ferry crossings cross the shipping channel.
Speed limited			Indicates areas where the speed of displacement vessels is limited (canals, roadsteads, outports, beach areas, etc.). The figure shows the maximum permissible speed in km/h

Signs and lights navigable bridge spans for small vessels - a triangular shield, with the top down; lights are not displayed at night. On a dark background, the signs are painted white, on a light background - red.

Distress signals on the water(submitted when assistance is needed, it is simply prohibited):

· a flag with a ball or similar object located above or below it;

· frequent flashing of all-round fire, spotlight, vertical movement of fire;

· rockets (false flares) of red color;

Slowly raising and lowering arms outstretched to the side;

· giving sound signals (frequent ringing of a bell, a metal object or prolonged sounds from any device).

Three long blasts = "Man overboard."

About life jackets

Boatmasters and passengers when sailing on small vessels must wear life jackets in the following cases:

Darkness, worsening hydrometeorological conditions (fog, rain, wind);

Swimming on jet skis, water skis or similar means;

Gateway.

Children under 16 years of age are allowed to sail on small boats only wearing life jackets.

Emergency stop

1) turn off traction

2) back up

3) drop anchor

(used to avoid accidents, and not to rescue someone who has fallen overboard).

Coastal navigational marks depending on their purpose, they are divided into two groups: designations of the position of the navigation channel and information .

To shore signs indicating the position of the navigation channel These include gate, pass, way, spring, “Landmark” signs, bridge span signs and “Tracking light”.

Coastal markers consist of a support pillar and a shield of a certain shape and color mounted on it. For these signs, signal boards of five types are used: rectangular, square, trapezoidal, round and combined. The shape of the shield depends on the purpose of the coastal mark.

The dimensions of signal boards, depending on the range of the sign, are regulated by the State Standard. The height of shore signs is determined by a special calculation taking into account the relief of the shoreline.

On inland waterways, axial (linear), slot and edge gates are used.

Axial alignment(Fig. 6.1) consists of two signs - front and rear, identical in shape, located along the axis of the navigation channel.

Rice. 6.1. Layout of axial sections on the river section:

1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – sections on a light background; 3 – sections on a dark background

On axial alignment signs, four types of signal boards are used: square (Fig. 6.2, a), rectangular (Fig. 6.2, b), trapezoidal (Fig. 6.2, c) and combined (Fig. 6.2, d - the top board is square, located vertically, and the lower one is trapezoidal, located obliquely to the vertical).

Rice. 6.2. Axial alignments for light (left) and dark (right) terrain backgrounds

(the part of the sign area painted red is conventionally indicated by shading)

The color of signal boards is chosen depending on the background of the surrounding area. If the background is light, the shields are painted red with a white or black vertical stripe in the middle, and if the background is dark - white with a black vertical stripe, and if they are located against the sky - then black.

At night, there is a red, white or yellow signal light on the axial direction signs of the right bank, and green, white or yellow on the left bank signs. In this case, the character (mode) of the light of the front sign is constant, and that of the rear sign is flashing or constant.

Rice. 6.3. Orientation along the axial alignment:

a – the vessel is in the target zone; b – the vessel left the target zone; 1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – rear target sign; 3 – front target sign; 4 – shore; 5 – isobath of guaranteed depth; 6 – sighting curves limiting the target area; 7 – alignment axis; 8 – imaginary vertical passing through the target lights; 9 – rear sign light; 10 – front sign light

In some cases, when there is a large concentration of extraneous lights, both on the front and rear signs, permanent lights of increased visibility are used: pulsating or extended lights of red and green colors.

Axial alignment serves to indicate the axis of the ship's passage. The principle of its operation is as follows (Fig. 6.3). Two guidance marks or lights - front and rear, located on the shore at some distance from each other, form a guidance line, the extension of which towards the water space must coincide with the position of the axis of the navigation channel. A sign that a vessel is on the leading line will be the location of the front and rear marks or lights on the same vertical (Fig. 6.3, a). Deviation of the relative position of the front and rear signs or lights from the vertical indicates that the vessel is deviating away from the axis of the navigation channel and leaving the channel area (Fig. 6.3, b). When the vessel leaves the guidance zone, the navigator must change course to return to this zone.

Slotted gate consists of three signs - two forward and one rear and serves to indicate the position of the navigation channel and its edges (Fig. 6.4).

The two front signs are installed on a line perpendicular to the axis of the target and are located at the same distance from it. The rear sign is installed on the axis of the alignment, which must coincide with the axis of the navigation channel.

Signal boards for slotted gate signs are of one type - rectangular in shape. They are painted depending on the background of the surrounding area: on a light background - red with a white or black vertical stripe in the middle (Fig. 6.4, a), on a dark background - white with a black vertical stripe (Fig. 6.4, b).

White or yellow signal lights are used on slotted signs, constant lights are used on front signs, and flashing lights are used on rear signs. If there are extraneous lights in the area where the slotted section is located, red signal lights are used on signs installed on the right bank; green lights are used on the left bank. In this case, the front lights are constant, and the rear lights are flashing.

Rice. 6.4. Layout of the slotted section on the section of the waterway: 1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – alignment axis; 3 – alignment signs; a – slotted door for a light background; b – slotted gate for a dark background

The principle of operation of the slot gate is shown in Fig. 6.5. When the vessel moves along the axis of the navigation channel (Fig. 6.5, a), the rear sign (light) is visible exactly in the middle of the distance between the front signs (lights). As the vessel deviates from the axis of the navigation channel, the symmetry of the location of the signs is disrupted (Fig. 6.5, b), while the clearance between the rear and front signs of the edge to which the ship is approaching is reduced.

If the ship goes beyond the boundary of the target zone (Fig. 6.5, c), the gap between the shields of the rear and one of the front signs disappears.

The navigator must not allow the vessel to leave the specified zone, since this does not ensure traffic safety.

Slotted sections are used mainly in reservoirs and estuaries of large rivers.

Rice. 6.5. Orientation along the slot opening:

a – vessel on the alignment axis; b – the vessel deviated from the alignment axis; in - the ship leftfrom the target area; 1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – isobath of guaranteed depth; 3 – alignment axis; 4 – rear sign; 5 – front sign; 6 – sighting curves, forming the target zone

Edge flap intended to indicate one edge of the navigation channel. The target consists of two characters - the front one and the higher back one. The alignment axis intersects the vertical edge of the rear sign facing the fenced edge of the navigation channel. The front sign is slightly shifted from this axis towards the same edge. To indicate both edges of the navigation channel, two edge alignments are installed - left and right (Fig. 6.6).

The signal board of the front edge sign has a rectangular shape, and the rear one has the shape of a rectangular trapezoid. Signs are painted white on a dark background, and red on a light background. Lights - green on the left edge, front constant, rear double-flashing; on the right edge there are red ones, the front is constant, the rear is double-flashing.

Rice. 6.6. Edge section:

1 – flow direction; 2 – left edge of the navigation channel; 3 – right edgenavigation; 4 – leading signs to indicate two edges of the navigation channel

When the vessel is on the axis of the navigation channel, the navigator sees signs (lights) of the right and left directions, located symmetrically. When the vessel deviates from the axis of the navigation channel, the symmetrical arrangement of signs visible to the navigator is disrupted. The gap between the vertical edges of the shields of the front and rear signs of the edge towards which the ship has veered will be less than the gap between the vertical edges of the shields fencing the other edge. The disappearance of the gap between the boards of signs of the edge towards which the vessel has deviated (touching the vertical edges of the boards), or the location of the lights on the same vertical means that the vessel has left the guidance area.

Rice. 6.7. Types of signal boards for pass signs:

a – square; b – rectangular; c – combined

Passage signs(Fig. 6.7) are coastal navigation signs to indicate the direction of a ship's passage moving (transferring) from one shore to another, as well as to indicate the beginning and end of a section with a deep (navigable) shore.

A pass sign consists of a support pillar and a signal board of a certain shape mounted on it. There are three types of shields for pass signs: square (Fig. 6.7, a), rectangular (Fig. 6.7, b) and combined (Fig. 6.7, c). Signs located on a light background of the area are painted red, and on a dark background – white.

Rice. 6.8. Running signs

Running signs(Fig. 6.8) are shore signs that indicate that the shipping channel is located along the deep shore on which they are installed. They consist of a pillar - a support and a signal board - a rhombus (Fig. 6.8, a), or a shield in the form of an elongated rhombus with sharp corners cut off (Fig. 6.8, b). To ensure visibility from all directions, shields are usually made three-dimensional. This is achieved through a cross-shaped connection of two flat shields (diamonds) or by connecting two shields (elongated rhombuses) in plan at an angle of 90.

The color of the shield and the pillar of the navigation sign, in contrast to the leading and pass signs, depends on the name of the bank on which it is installed. On the right bank the color is red, on the left bank it is white. To create a contrast with the background of the area, the supports of the running signs are painted with alternating stripes of red and white on the right bank and white and black on the left bank.

Rice. 6.9. Spring signs

The traffic signs on the right bank have red flashing lights, and the signs on the left bank have green flashing lights.

Spring signs(Fig. 6.9) are installed to indicate banks flooded during high water, islands, capes protruding into the riverbed, etc. They do not directly indicate the axis or edge of the channel and serve to determine the position of the channel together with other signs.

The spring sign is a signal figure mounted on a support pillar, consisting of two cross-shaped shields, shaped like a circle on the right bank (Fig. 6.9, a) and a trapezoid on the left bank (Fig. 6.9, b). The signal figure can also be made of three planes intersecting at an angle of 120 in plan.

The shields of spring signs on the right bank are painted red, and on the left – white. The sign supports are painted the same color as the shields.

At night, the signs on the right bank have permanent red lights, and the signs on the left bank have permanent green lights.

Sign« Reference point"(Fig. 6.10) is used on rivers and reservoirs to designate characteristic banks, capes, islands and other noticeable places on the coastline. They do not directly indicate the position of the navigation channel, but allow navigators to determine it indirectly (by the position of the vessel relative to the Landmark sign).

By design, signs are made in the form of pillars with two shields (Fig. 6.10, a) and three or tetrahedral prisms and pyramids (Fig. 6.10, b). Two types of signal boards are used: rectangular and trapezoidal.

Rice. 6.10. Landmark signs:

a – in the form of single pillars with signal boards;

b – in the form of three and tetrahedral prisms and pyramids

Signboards installed on the right bank are painted with five alternating horizontal stripes of red and white, and on the left bank - black and white, with the top stripe being red or black, respectively.

The "Landmark" signs on the right bank have red, white or yellow double-flash lights, and the signs on the left bank have green, white or yellow double-flash lights.

"Lighting Light" Signs(Fig. 6.11, a) serve to mark the banks of the shipping canal at night. The shape of signs carrying directional lights is not regulated. Structurally, the sign is a support, at the top of which there is a lantern with two lenses in the side walls. An electric lamp is placed in the lantern. Through the lenses of the side walls, signal lights shine along the bank of the canal. On the right bank there are red constant or flashing lights, on the left bank there are green constant or flashing lights.

Identification marks(Fig. 6.11, b) serve to mark the entrance to a canal, port, outport, shelter from the side of a lake or reservoir.

Rice. 6.11. Sign "Tracking light" (a) and identification marks (b)

Signs are constructed in the form of towers of various architectures and installed on the heads of dams, piers and breakwaters. They are painted in a color that provides the necessary contrast with the surrounding background of the area.

At the tops of the identification signs, permanent or flashing all-round signal lights are installed: green on the left bank signs and red on the right bank signs.

On the sides of the markings facing the shipping channel, a permanent light of the same color as on their tops may be installed.

Lighthouse(marine lighthouse) is a means of navigation equipment for the seas and large lakes, which is a day and night landmark. The lighthouse is a tower on top of which equipment for sending light signals is placed. Lighthouses serve to guide navigators using tools and instruments. The height of the beacon is chosen such that the required range of visibility is ensured. It reaches 50 meters or more. The lighthouse can be equipped with a sound alarm to give signals during fog, as well as equipment for sending radio signals. The view of the lighthouse is shown in Fig. 6.12.

Each lighthouse has its own distinctive shape, color and fire characteristics. Descriptions of lighthouses and their geographical coordinates are given in the corresponding directions and on maps.

Rice. 6.13. Navigation sign

Luminous marine navigation sign(luminous sign) - a means of navigation equipment for the seas and large lakes, which is a day and night landmark of a special construction, having a light-optical device with a white light visibility range of up to 10 miles. This is a structure of the same type as the lighthouse, but of lighter construction (Fig. 6.13). The shape of navigational signs can be different; they are constructed from stone, brick, metal, wood, etc. The sign may have distinctive shields and top figures. Radar reflectors are often installed on them.

Non-illuminated navigation sign- a structure of the same type as a luminous sign, but without a light-optical apparatus.

Marine navigation light (light)- a means of navigation equipment for seas and large lakes, which is a night landmark and is a light-optical device installed on natural objects or non-special constructions (building, rock, pillar, etc.).

Floating navigational marks include buoys, buoys and milestones.

Rice. 6.21. Buoys:

a – lake; b – lake-river; c – river

The signal light power source is located. The buoy is held in place by an anchor. Buoys are the predominant type of floating mark on inland waterways.

Rice. 6.22. Sea buoy:

1 – light-optical apparatus; 2 – superstructure;

3 – cylindrical body; 4 – shank;

5 – cast iron ballast

Rice. 6.23. Buoys:

a – pyramidal; b – ball; c – cylindrical

Buoys in the form of a ball or cylinder are installed only to indicate the right edge of the navigation channel.

Rice. 6.24. Lake (a), river (b) and sea (c) milestone:

1 – top figure; 2 – steel body; 3 – metal pipe; 4 – ballast

Lateral floating signs indicate the edges (sides) of a shipping channel or fairway, and axial– the axis of the shipping channel or fairway.

Lateral signs are divided into edge, rotary, danger signs (standing on the danger), dump, dividing, and axial– axial and rotary-axial.

Rice. 6.25. Edge, turning and danger signs:

a – edge right; b – edge left; c – rotating right edge; g – rotary left edge; d – left edge danger sign; e – right edge danger sign

gates of the waterway, when the relief of the coastal strip does not allow you to see navigational signs located behind the bend.

dump signs indicate sections of the waterway with strong currents that significantly impede navigation. They are installed upstream on the edge of the ship's passage, opposite the dump.

Rice. 6.26. Dumping (a, b), dividing (c, d),

axial (d) and rotary-axial (e) signs

The division of the navigation channel can also be indicated by two adjacent floating signs of the left and right edges of the navigation channel (paired sign) (Fig. 6.26, d).

Floating signs are placed no later than on the third day after the waterway is cleared of ice and remain in effect until grease and slush appear.

On large lakes and in the sea waters of Russia, the floating fencing system of the International Association of Lighthouse Services has been adopted - IALA system.

The IALA system provides for the division of the World Ocean into two regions - the region A and region B.

The IALA floating containment system is generally the same for both regions. Dividing the system into regions A And B caused only by differences in the color of the lateral marks and lights.

Lateral signs IALA systems are divided into fairway and channel side fencing signs and fairway separation signs.

Rice. 6.27. Lateral signs

fairway side fencing:

a – left side; b – right side

Fairway side fencing signs(Fig. 6.27) serve to designate the sides of the fairway (channel).

On the left side of the fairways, signs are placed completely painted in red; the top figures look like a red cylinder (Fig. 6.27, a). Signal light – red flashing (period 3 s).

On the right side of the fairways there are signs painted completely green (Fig. 6.27, b). The top figure is a green cone with the top up. Signal light – green flashing (period 3 s).

Rice. 6.28. Lateral signs for dividing fairways:

a – the main fairway on the right; b – main fairway on the left

North sign It is black at the top and yellow at the bottom. The top figure is two cones with their vertices up. The signal light is white, frequently flashing.

Rice. 6.29. Cardinal signs

South sign It is yellow at the top and black at the bottom. The top figure is two black cones with their vertices down. Light – white, six frequent flashes and one long flash, period 15 s.

Western sign It is yellow in color with a wide horizontal stripe of black. The top figure is two black cones with their vertices together. Signal light - white, nine frequent flashes, period 15 s.

Rice. 6.30. Single hazard sign

small sizes (a), axial sign (b),

special purpose sign (c)