What are car tires made of? Rubber and its application

People have long been accustomed to rubber objects, and many people know that they are made of rubber. What is rubber?

The word itself comes from two words in the language of an Indian tribe that lived on the banks of the Amazon: “kau” - tree and “teach” - cry, flow. So “caucho” is the tears of the tree, and the tree itself is called castilla. It grows in the Amazon River basin in South America.

Botanists call these trees Castilla elastica and Castilla rubber. They grow up to 40 meters in height and bloom all year round. Their inflorescences, leaves, and bark are filled with milky juice containing rubber. These trees regularly lose small branches with leaves and white milky sap oozes from fresh wounds. It was about Castilla that the Indians said that the tree was crying.

There are other trees that produce rubber. The most amount of rubber - up to 50% - is in the juice of the Brazilian Hevea.

Hevea is a tall tree, up to 50 m tall. It has a dense crown, large, trifoliate leaves and yellow panicle inflorescences. When the tree reaches the age of 10-12 years, the first cutting is made, that is, deep cuts in the shape of the letter V along the trunk from top to bottom. White juice flows down the gutter and, solidifying in the air, becomes thick and viscous.

Europeans became acquainted with “caucho” in the 16th century, after Christopher Columbus returned from the voyage. Rubber remained an overseas curiosity for a long time, until in 1823 the Englishman K. Mackintosh impregnated the fabric for a raincoat with a solution of natural rubber. However, even before him, American Indians soaked clothes with Hevea juice. The first Macintoshes became hard in the cold and sticky in the heat. Then they began to heat the rubber together with sulfur and it acquired greater strength.

Hevea is grown in Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, on the island of Sri Lanka, in the tropics of Asia and in Nigeria, in Africa.

Rubber is not only produced by Hevea. It is also found in the milky sap of cassava, a short tree common in tropical America. The milky juice of cassava contains a lot of resins, and therefore its rubber is worse than that of the hevea.

Another type of this plant, edible cassava, or cassava, replaces potatoes for residents of the tropics. Its roots, swollen like tubers, are used for food. Sometimes they are up to a meter long and weigh more than 10 kg. The tubers contain a lot of starch and from it flour is obtained and a cereal called tapioca is made.

Rubber also oozes from the trunk of the tallow tree, a native of East Asia. But this plant is more valued because of the refractory fat that covers its seeds. This substance is similar to wax and is primarily used to make soap and candles. It is also used to make Chinese vegetable oil for lubrication, as it is inedible. The leaves make black paint.

On the island of Madagascar, spurge in-tisi, a low tree or shrub, grows. Its milky juice contains high quality rubber. This substance is also found in the milky sap of ficus trees growing in tropical countries.

Rubber was once extracted even from the stems of such herbaceous plants as kok-sagyz and krym-sagyz. But it was not possible to obtain large quantities of juice from these desert inhabitants.

Nowadays, the bulk of natural rubber in the world comes from Hevea plantations.

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Rubber is a widely known material that is used in almost all areas of human life. Medicine, agriculture, and industry cannot do without this polymer. Rubber is also used in many manufacturing processes. What this material is made of and what its features are is described in the article.

What is rubber

Rubber is a highly elastic polymer. Its structure is represented by chaotically arranged carbon chains held together by sulfur atoms.

In their normal state, carbon chains have a twisted appearance. If the rubber is stretched, the carbon chains will unwind. The ability to stretch and quickly return to its previous shape has made material such as rubber indispensable in many areas.

What is it made of? Typically, rubber is made by mixing rubber with a vulcanizing agent. After heating to the desired temperature, the mixture thickens.

The difference between rubber and rubber

Rubber and rubber are high-molecular polymers obtained naturally or synthetically. These materials differ in physical and chemical properties and production methods. Natural rubber is a substance made from the sap of tropical trees - latex. It flows out of the bark when it is damaged. Synthetic rubber is produced by polymerization of styrene, neoprene, butadiene, isobutylene, chloroprene, nitrile. When synthetic rubber is vulcanized, rubber is formed.

What are the different types of rubbers made from? For certain types of synthetic materials, organic substances are used to obtain a material identical to natural rubber.

Rubber properties

Rubber is a universal material that has the following properties:

1. High elasticity - the ability to undergo large reverse deformations over a wide temperature range.
2. Elasticity and stability of shapes at small deformations.
3. Amorphous - easily deformed with slight pressure.
4. Relative softness.
5. Poorly absorbs water.
6. Strength and wear resistance.
7. Depending on the type of rubber, rubber can be characterized by water, oil, gasoline, heat resistance and resistance to chemicals, ionizing and light radiation.

Over time, rubber loses its properties and loses its shape, which is manifested by destruction and a decrease in strength. The service life of rubber products depends on the conditions of use and can range from several days to several years. Even with long-term storage, rubber ages and becomes unusable.

Rubber production

Rubber is produced by vulcanization of rubber with the addition of mixtures. Typically 20-60% of the processed mass is rubber. Other components of the rubber mixture are fillers, vulcanizing agents, accelerators, plasticizers, antioxidants. Dyes, fragrances, modifiers, fire retardants and other components can also be added to the composition of the mass. The set of components is determined by the required properties, operating conditions, technology for using the finished rubber product and economic calculations. In this way, high-quality rubber is created.

What are semi-finished rubber products made from? For this purpose, production uses the technology of mixing rubber with other components in special mixers or rollers intended for the production of semi-finished products, followed by cutting and cutting. The production cycle uses presses, autoclaves, drum and tunnel vulcanizers. The rubber mixture is given high plasticity, thanks to which the future product takes on the required shape.

Rubber products

Today, rubber is used in sports, medicine, construction, agriculture, and manufacturing. The total number of products made from rubber exceeds more than 60 thousand varieties. The most popular of them are seals, shock absorbers, tubes, seals, sealants, rubberized coatings, and facing materials.

Rubber products are widely used in production processes. This material is also indispensable in the production of gloves, shoes, belts, waterproof fabric, and transport belts.

Most of the rubber produced is used to make tires.

Rubber in tire production

Rubber is the main material in the production of car tires. This process begins with the preparation of a rubber mixture of natural and synthetic rubber. Then silica, soot and other chemical components are added to the rubber mass. After thorough mixing, the mixture is sent to the oven. The output is rubber bands of a certain length.

At the next stage, the cord is rubberized. Textile and metal cords are filled with hot rubber mass. This method produces the inner, textile and belt layers of the tire.

What is rubber for tires made from? All car tire manufacturers use different rubber formulations and technologies. To give the finished product strength and reliability, various plasticizers and reinforcing fillers can be added.

Natural rubber is used to produce tires. Its addition to the rubber mixture reduces the heating of the tire. The majority of the rubber mixture is synthetic rubber. This component gives tires elasticity and the ability to withstand heavy loads.

In mechanical engineering, rubber is often used - a complex mixture in which rubber is the main component. Rubber has high elasticity, which is combined with a number of other important technical properties: high tear and abrasion resistance, gas and water resistance, chemical resistance, high electrical insulating properties and low specific gravity. The disadvantages of rubber include its low heat resistance and low resistance to mineral oils (with the exception of special oil-resistant rubber).

Application of rubber. Rubber products are widely used in all sectors of the national economy. The range of rubber products currently numbers tens of thousands of items. The main use of rubber is in the production of tires.

In addition to tires, there are about 200 different rubber parts in a car: hoses, belts, gaskets, bushings, couplings, buffers, membranes, cuffs, etc.

Rubber has high electrical insulating properties, so it is widely used for insulating cables, wires, magneto, protective equipment - gloves, galoshes, rugs.

Rubber composition. The composition of rubber includes rubber, reclaimed rubber, vulcanizing agents, vulcanization accelerators, fillers, softeners, antioxidants, and dyes. Natural and synthetic rubber is the main raw material for the production of rubber products. Currently, rubber materials are primarily made from synthetic rubber, which is extracted from ethyl alcohol, petroleum, natural gas and other substances.

Regenerate- a plastic material obtained by processing old rubber products and rubber production waste. The use of reclaim reduces the rubber content in the rubber mixture, reduces the cost of rubber products and somewhat increases their plasticity.

The main vulcanizing agent is sulfur. By changing the amount of sulfur in rubber compounds, it is possible to obtain rubber with different degrees of elasticity. The process of chemically combining rubber with sulfur when heated is called vulcanization. When producing elastic rubber, sulfur is introduced in an amount of 1-4% by weight of rubber. Rubber, containing 25-35% sulfur, is a hard material called hard rubber. To reduce the duration and temperature of vulcanization, accelerators (captax, lead oxide, etc.) are introduced in small quantities (0.5-2.5%).

Fillers There are active, inactive and special. Active fillers (enhancers) include carbon black, zinc white, kaolin and other substances that increase the mechanical properties of rubber (tensile strength and abrasion resistance). Carbon black is the main filler for producing durable rubber with high abrasion resistance. Inactive fillers include talc, chalk, infusorial earth, etc. They are introduced to increase the volume and reduce the cost of rubber. Special fillers include kaolin and asbestos, which give rubber chemical resistance, and diatomaceous earth, which increases the electrical insulating properties of rubber.

Softeners(plasticizers) give the rubber mixture softness, plasticity and facilitate its processing.

Antioxidants- These are substances that protect rubber from aging.

Main types of rubber. Reinforced rubber is called rubber, inside of which gaskets made of a metal mesh or spiral are inserted in order to increase strength and flexibility, which is especially important for products such as car tires, drive belts, conveyor belts, pipelines, etc. When preparing it, it is placed in the rubber mixture a metal mesh coated with a layer of brass and coated with glue, and is subjected to simultaneous pressing and vulcanization.

Porous rubbers, based on the nature of the pores and the method of production, are divided into spongy - with large open pores, homogeneous cellular - with closed pores and microporous. The method of their production is based on the ability of rubber to absorb gases and on the diffusion of cans through the rubber. Porous rubber is used in the manufacture of shock absorbers, seats, window seals, and tire tread layers.

Hard rubber, or ebonite, has a dark brown or red color, heat resistance from 50 to 90 ° C, and can withstand high breakdown voltage (25-60 kV/min).

Introduction

Rubber is a product of rubber processing. A natural polymer, rubber gets its name from the Indian word “kaochu,” which means “tree tears,” which appear on a rubber tree when it is cut. Many hundreds of years ago, Indians learned to use white tree resin - rubber.

Natural rubber (NR) is obtained from plants - the so-called rubber plants. Natural rubber dissolves easily in water. When heated to a temperature of 90°C, rubber softens, becomes sticky, and at temperatures below zero it becomes hard and brittle.

The design of the car includes a large number of rubber products. Due to its high elasticity and ability to absorb vibrations and shock loads, rubber products are an indispensable material in the automotive industry. In addition to the listed properties, rubber also has a number of other positive qualities: relatively high strength, wear resistance and, most importantly, elasticity, i.e. the ability to restore its original shape after the cessation of the forces causing deformation.

Companies that produce rubber products (rubber products) take partnership issues with automotive industry enterprises seriously, because rubber products in cars are far from an unimportant detail.

Manufacturers of rubber goods strive to stand out among strong competition and are developing new types of products to attract buyers. For example, the most popular spare parts for car enthusiasts are cuffs and seals, which need to be changed immediately when anything leaks in the vehicle. These are inexpensive, but quite important machine parts, the malfunctions of which should not be neglected. It is not difficult to replace worn-out spare parts, the main thing is that they are available.

And it is also important to note that it is better not to use oil seals made by domestic manufacturers for foreign-made cars, since the quality of the rubber does not allow cars to travel even ten thousand kilometers without repair.

It should be noted that the production of rubber goods itself is a rather complex process. Correct preparation of materials, processing of raw rubber, as well as special rubber mixtures for certain types of products, form the basis of a long production process. The high precision required in the manufacture of parts is of decisive importance. All manufacturers of rubber goods strive to bring the quality of their products to a decent level.

1.Varieties

The rapid development of technology could not be limited to the use of only natural rubber and led to the creation of synthetic (artificial) rubbers (SR). Industry in various countries produces an extremely wide variety of synthetic rubber-like materials. The starting materials for producing rubber are: ethyl alcohol, acetylene, butane, ethylene, benzene, isobutylene, some halogenated carbon derivatives, etc. The polymerization of monomers (divinyl, styrene, chloroprene, vinyl chloride, etc.) produces synthetic rubbers. Despite its relatively high strength, natural rubber is significantly inferior to synthetic rubber in terms of frost resistance and resistance to solvents. The properties of rubber mainly depend on the rubbers that make up its composition. The quality of synthetic rubber determines the rubber’s resistance to solvents, weathering, oxygen, aggressive environments, heat resistance, frost resistance, elasticity and elasticity, adhesiveness of rubber mixture solutions and other properties of the metal.

According to their purpose, rubbers are divided into general and special purpose rubbers. The group of general-purpose rubbers includes synthetic rubbers: butadiene (SCR), styrene-butadiene (SKS), isoprene (SKI), divinyl (SKD). Isoprene synthetic rubber is closest in chemical composition to natural rubber and has high adhesiveness. SKD rubber is not inferior to natural rubber in elasticity and surpasses it in abrasion resistance. The main disadvantage of SKD is its low adhesiveness. Taking this into account, a mixture of SKD and SKI (SKI-Z) is used in the production of tires.

Special rubbers are divided into several types: wear-resistant, oil- and petrol-resistant, frost-resistant, heat-resistant, etc.

.Method of obtaining

The process of manufacturing rubber and rubber parts consists of preparing a raw rubber mixture, obtaining semi-finished products or parts from it and vulcanizing them.

The technological process includes the following operations: rolling, calendering, preparation of blanks, molding and vulcanization, processing of finished parts.

To make raw rubber, the rubber is cut into pieces and passed through rollers to impart plasticity. Then, in special mixers, the rubber is mixed with powdery components that make up the rubber (vulcanizing agents, fillers, vulcanization accelerators, etc.), introducing them into the rubber mixture exactly according to the weight dosage. Mixing can also be done on rollers. Thus, a homogeneous, plastic and low-elastic mass is obtained - raw rubber. It is easily formed, dissolves in organic solvents and becomes sticky when heated.

The rolled rubber mixture is fed to a calender to produce sheets of a given thickness - the process of producing sheet rubber. Blanks of parts are obtained from calendered sheets by cutting according to templates, cutting with punching knives, and shaping on a syringe machine.

Hydraulic vulcanizing presses with electrical heating are used to produce rubber parts by molding. Pressing is carried out in molds using direct and injection molding methods. Injection molding is used to produce parts with complex configurations. Parts made by injection molding have increased vibration resistance and tolerate alternating loads well.

Molding of rubber has much in common with molding of hardening plastics, but there are some differences. Due to the high plasticity of rubber compounds, filling molds, even of complex configurations, does not require pressure higher than 5 MPa (50 kgf/cm2). In most cases, products are molded under a pressure of 1-2 MPa (10-20 kgf/cm2).

To obtain highly elastic, durable products (tires, transmission belts, belts, hoses), the rubber mixture is applied to high-strength fabrics (cord, belting) made of cotton fiber, polyamide or polyester fiber. To adhere rubber to fabric, pressing or impregnation methods are used. In the first case, thin sheets of calendered raw rubber are pressed onto the fabric on special additional duplicating calenders. In the second case, the fabric is soaked in a solution of rubber mixture (rubber glue) and dried to remove the solvent. The rubberized fabric is cut, collected into bags and pressed into products.

Many rubber products are reinforced with metal parts. Metals or alloys (with the exception of brass) do not have adhesion (sticking properties) to rubber, so they are easily torn out of the product. To impart adhesion of metal reinforcement to rubber, an adhesive film is applied to the metal or brass plating is performed. The highest adhesion strength between metal and rubber is achieved by applying a film of isocyanate adhesive “leuconate” to the metal surface or by brass coating it.

Any molding process ends with a vulcanization process. Rubber consists of linear molecules. When heated with sulfur (vulcanization), molecules become larger and a network structure of molecules is formed, and rubber turns into rubber. In addition to linear ones, rubber also contains three-dimensional molecules.

The complication and enlargement of molecules leads to the fact that the substance acquires elasticity without reducing elasticity, and, in addition, resistance to temperature and chemical influences. About one-third of rubber consists of soot, which creates crystallinity in the structure of the substance and increases its strength.

Vulcanization is carried out with and without heating. The duration and temperature of vulcanization are determined by the formulation of the rubber mixture (type of rubber and the effectiveness of the introduced accelerator); but usually vulcanization is carried out at a temperature of 120-150.

When forming parts, they are vulcanized in molds on vulcanizing hydraulic presses with steam or electric heating. The mold vulcanization method gives a denser, more uniform structure, more accurate dimensions and a cleaner surface of the rubber product. If it is impossible to vulcanize in a mold, especially products produced on a syringe machine by rolling and duplicating, vulcanization is carried out in a vulcanization boiler.

Almost all synthetic rubbers are produced by emulsion polymerization in aqueous media. The polymer formed under these conditions is obtained with particles close to the size of colloidal particles. In the presence of specially introduced substances (emulsifiers), polymer particles form a stable emulsion of polymer in water, which is called latex.

Currently, a large number of latexes are produced, from which rubber products can be directly produced. They are used to produce friction products, to impregnate cords, to produce abrasive grinding stones, rubber threads, hair elastic pads, dipped products (gloves, pilot balls), thick-walled products, to replace adhesives with latex pastes, to produce rubber foams.

To obtain rubber products with a thickness of no more than 0.2 mm, a mold (usually glass) is immersed several times in latex. After each immersion, a layer of latex remains on the mold, from which the water is removed by drying.

The process of manufacturing latex products consists of the following operations: mixing latex with vulcanizing agents and other components of the rubber mixture: planting rubber on a mold in the form of a film as the water evaporates; vulcanization.

Vulcanized rubber parts, depending on the requirements placed on them, are subjected to additional processing. In most cases, removing the flash (burrs) is sufficient, which can also be done with small scissors with curved ends. If there are through holes in the parts, cutting knives are used. To completely remove traces of flash, additional sanding is carried out. In some cases, turning and grinding the entire surface of the part is required to obtain accurate dimensions. These operations are carried out in a lathe chuck using abrasive or felt wheels.

.Application

Technical sheet rubber is intended for the manufacture of gaskets, valves, seals, shock absorbers, etc.

Rubber cord of round, square and rectangular cross-section - used to work as sealing parts. According to the properties of rubber, cords are divided into five types: acid-alkali-resistant, heat-resistant, frost-resistant, oil- and gasoline-resistant and food-grade.

Flat belts - fabric drive belts, rubber belts, depending on the purpose and design, are divided into three types: threaded, used for small pulleys and high speeds; wrapped in layers - for heavy work with intermittent loads and medium speeds; spirally wrapped belts are used for work with light loads and at low speeds (up to 15 m/s). Belts of all types can be manufactured either with rubber linings (one or two) or without them. Drive V-belts consist of cord fabric or cord, wrapping fabric, vulcanized into one product. Fan V-belts are designed for cars, tractors and combines.

Sleeves (hoses) and pipes. Rubber-fabric hoses with metal spirals are divided into two groups: suction - for working under vacuum and pressure-suction - for working under pressure and under vacuum. In each group, depending on the pumped substance, hoses are divided into the following types: petrol-oil-resistant, for water, for air, oxygen and neutral gases, for weak solutions of inorganic acids and alkalis with a concentration of up to 20%, for liquid food products.

Rubber-fabric pressure hoses are used as flexible pipelines for moving gases, liquids and bulk materials under pressure; they consist of an inner and outer rubber layer or one or more rubberized fabric pads.

Rubber-fabric steam hoses consist of an inner layer of rubber, intermediate gaskets and an outer layer of rubber. They are used as flexible steam pipelines for saturated steam at pressures up to 0.8 MPa (8 kgf/cm2) and temperatures of 175° C.

Acid-alkali-resistant technical rubber tubes are intended for moving solutions of acids and alkalis with a concentration of up to 20% (with the exception of nitric and acetic acids); heat-resistant at temperatures: in air up to -f-90° C, in water vapor up to +140° C; frost-resistant down to -45° C; oil and petrol resistant.

Rubber-fabric chevron, multi-row seals - serve to ensure tightness in hydraulic devices during the reciprocating movement of plungers, pistons and rods operating in an environment of water, emulsion and mineral oils.

Rubber seals are used for shafts to operate in mineral oils and water at excess pressure.

Rubber O-rings - for connecting heads of brake hoses produced by molding; for fire hose nuts, molded.

Stuffing box packings are intended for filling stuffing box seals in order to seal the exit point of a moving part of a mechanism from the working space of one environment and some parameters into the space of another environment and other parameters; impregnated packings provide lubrication to the moving part of the mechanism.

In electrical engineering, it is used as an insulating material, especially at high temperatures, as well as in cases involving exposure to moisture and ozone. Silicone rubber is used to make a sheath for cables and wires. In other cases, insulating pipes are made from it, either without reinforcing additives, or together with glass filler. Tapes made of glass or polyester fibers and coated with silicone rubber, in a vulcanized form, serve as an insulating material that is overlapped onto an electrical wire.

In mechanical engineering, silicone rubber plays an important role as a sealing material. Membrane valves and diaphragms made of silicone rubber are widely used. First of all, hot air blowers (hoses) with and without fabric filters are of great importance.

Conveyors are coated with silicone rubber in cases where they transport hot or sticky products.

vulcanized synthetic rubber

4.State standards

GOST 12.2.045-94 System of occupational safety standards. Equipment for the production of rubber products. Safety requirements.

This GOST is located in:

Subsection: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, PROTECTION OF HUMAN FROM ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. SAFETY

Subsection: Professional safety. Industrial hygiene

And also in:

Section: All-Russian Classifier of Standards

Subsection: RUBBER, RUBBER, ASBESTOS AND PLASTICS INDUSTRY

Subsection: Equipment for the production of rubber and plastics

And also in:

Section: Classifier of state standards

Subsection: General technical and organizational and methodological standards

Subsection: Documentation system

Subsection: System of standards in the field of environmental protection and improvement of the use of natural resources, labor safety, scientific organization of labor

And also in:

Section: Thematic collections

Subsection: Occupational safety standards system.

And also in:

Section: Thematic collections

Subsection: Equipment for the production of rubber products(a)

Section: Thematic collections

Subsection: System of design documentation for construction

Subsection: Mandatory certification

Subsection: Chemical and petroleum engineering products

Subsection: Molding and vulcanizing equipment in production; rubber products, including molds for the production of tires and; medical rubber products(a)

And also in:

Section: OKP

Subsection: CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM ENGINEERING PRODUCTS

Subsection: EQUIPMENT FOR PROCESSING POLYMER MATERIALS AND SPARE MATERIALS

.Information from Russian manufacturers of rubber goods

Factories of rubber products (RTI) are chemical industry enterprises that produce a huge range of products from natural and artificial rubber (rubber), used in all industrial areas and in everyday life.

The products of rubber goods plants, depending on their purpose, are represented by the following groups:

equipping moving mechanisms and devices (drive belts, caterpillar, conveyor, escalator, elevator and other types of belts);

equipping transmission mechanisms and devices operating under vacuum or pressure (suction, pressure, pressure-suction hoses);

elastic structures subject to loads (rubber supports, bearings, suspensions, buffers, shock absorbers, cuffs, valves, seals, seals for moving contacts, shaft linings, membranes);

seals for fixed contacts (spacer plates, rings, cords);

products and materials with electrical insulating properties (insulating tapes and tubes, parts of high-frequency and low-current equipment, battery tanks);

protective coatings for chemical equipment;

building structures, water and aeronautics manufactured using rubberized fabrics;

spongy and hollow products made of rubber and latex (toys, sponges, balls, sanitary products, medical gloves, catheters and other products).

In the production of rubber goods, along with rubber, textiles (yarn, knitwear, fabrics) and metal products (cables, braiding, wire) are used as reinforcing agents.

Despite the wide variety of types of rubber goods, the technological scheme for their production is represented by the following main stages: production of semi-finished products, making blanks, and vulcanization. However, the wide range of products determines significant differences in their production, observed both in the semi-finished products used, and in the equipment and various processing techniques.

Depending on the production method, there are two groups of rubber goods:

molded;

unshaped.

There are about 30 thousand different items in the group of molded rubber goods. These products are manufactured using special molds through the process of vulcanization or injection molding.

The group of non-shaped rubber goods includes 12 thousand types of products, the production of which is carried out in two technological stages:

extrusion of a rubber mixture, during which the melt is squeezed out through molding heads (dies) with channels of a certain profile;

vulcanization carried out using special vulcanizers.

The production of rubber goods in Russia began in the first half of the 19th century. Before the revolution, 4 factories were involved in the rubber industry: Provodnik, Triangle, Kauchuk and Bogatyr. According to 1913 data, they employed 23 thousand people, the products of the enterprises were represented mainly by footwear produced on foreign equipment from imported raw materials (natural rubber). In 1932, the first Soviet plant for the production of artificial rubber opened its doors in Yaroslavl. And since 1951, petroleum products began to be used as feedstock for artificial rubber in the USSR.

List of factories producing rubber goods

Astrakhan RTI Plant, Astrakhan

Barnaul plant of rubber technical products, Barnaul

Bakovo Rubber Products Plant, Odintsovo

Balakovorezinotekhnika, Balakovo

Volzhsky Rubber Products Plant, Volzhsky

Yegoryevsk Rubber Products Plant, Yegoryevsk

AZRI plant, Armavir

Plant "Yaroslavl-Rezinotekhnika", Yaroslavl

Kursk RTI plant, Kursk

Krasnoyarsk Rubber Products Plant, Krasnoyarsk

Krasnodar plant of rubber technical products, Krasnodar

Kolomna plant of rubber technical products, Kolomna

Kama-Volzhsky Joint-Stock Company of Rubber Equipment, Kazan

Moscow RTI plant, Moscow

Nizhny Novgorod plant for processing rubber goods, Bogorodsk

Noginsk Rubber Products Plant, Noginsk

Orenburg plant of rubber technical products, Orenburg

Pilot plant RTI-Podolsk, Podolsk

Rostov Rubber Products Plant, Rostov-on-Don

Saransk plant of rubber technical products, Saransk

Tula Plant of Rubber Technical Products, Tula

Ural Plant of Rubber Technical Products, Yekaterinburg

Ufa plant of elastomeric materials, products and structures, Ufa

Tchaikovsky plant RTD, Olkhovskoe

Cheboksary RTI plant, Cheboksary

Cherkessk plant of rubber technical products, Cherkessk

Yaroslavl plant of rubber technical products, Yaroslavl

Conclusion

Modern technology cannot do without rubber. Rubber is used to make car tires, wire insulation, various seals, hoses, and much more.

The most popular rubber products for cars are belts, cuffs, and sleeves. All of them have a rather short service life, so they are often not classified as spare parts for a car, and are considered consumables

Our domestic rubber goods have to be replaced especially often. Rubber wears out much faster than metal parts. At the same time, untimely replacement can lead to very disastrous results - excessive wear of metal parts, leakage of oils or other liquids. Sometimes such an attitude towards rubber products can be a waste of money that could be used for more pleasant purposes.

Repair kits are manufactured for domestic car models, and also for foreign cars, which have all the necessary rubber goods for a specific brand. Such repairs to replace the main and important rubber parts can be carried out completely independently, without resorting to the services of a car repair shop, which is undoubtedly very convenient. However, it’s better not to get into serious foreign cars without experience and knowledge yourself - you can ruin delicate foreign electronics, and replacing a simple gasket can turn into a major overhaul.

Bibliography

1.Vasilyeva L. S. Automotive operating materials: a textbook for universities. - M.: Transport, 1996

.Modern encyclopedia of Russian industry: factories and their products, industrial exhibitions - #"justify">3. Fuel, lubricants, technical fluids. Assortment and application: Reference / ed. V. M. Shkolnikova. - M.: Tekhinform, 1999

4. The GOST database has been opened -

Kirichenko N. B. Automotive operating materials: Textbook. Benefit. - M.: Academy, 2003

– one of the most popular materials on our planet. Everyone always needs it, without it not a single car will move, without it not a single industrial enterprise will operate. In this article we will look at the process of creating rubber. You will learn what rubber production technology is and what it is made from.

Sources of rubber and a brief excursion into history

The first rubber materials consisted mainly of a natural material - rubber. It is a product of a tree called Hevea rubber, which grows in the wilds of the Amazonian lowlands. In the first years of rubber's existence, the share of rubber reached 85–92%! This is an unimaginable share for today. The fact is that such rubber was in no way inferior to modern rubber; on the contrary, it surpassed it in many parameters of strength and wear resistance, and the costs of its production were much higher than today’s.

One thing is true - due to the growing demand for rubber, the rubber-bearing Hevea began to be mercilessly cut down, and soon the once numerous thickets of Hevea began to rapidly disappear. It became quite obvious that it was necessary to somehow reduce the cutting down of these trees, otherwise humanity would be left without rubber at all. After all, even now rubber production technology requires a certain amount of natural rubber, so a fair share of the natural material had to be diluted with numerous artificial substitutes. We will look at them now.

Rubber and chemical additives

The key stage in creating rubber is vulcanization. It is produced using special synthetic components - vulcanization activators. Rubber itself is unsuitable without this procedure. In addition to vulcanization activators, vulcanizing agents must be added. And only after this vulcanization activators. The fact is that without agents it will be impossible to start vulcanization. After the agents, activators are added. And only after this is it possible to begin the vulcanization process. The second most important component can be called regenerate - this synthetic product allows you to carry out the vulcanization procedure again.

The softening components of rubber (of course, synthetic, artificial origin) include antioxidants, fillers and plasticizers, which function as a replacement for the natural plasticity of rubber, which is lacking in rubber. This component gives rubber plastic properties that allow it to both contract and stretch without cracking. Various modifiers, flavored synthetic resins and blowing agents are also added to rubber. The task of the latter is to create small air bubbles in the rubber that are invisible to the eye. They act as a kind of air cushion, reducing the pressure on the tire when the car is moving. It is not in all cases possible to create synthetic rubber and use it for permanent purposes. Sometimes you still have to resort to using completely natural rubbers.

Technological process for creating rubber

The first and most important stage in creating rubber is vulcanization. Rubber molecules by their nature are very flexible, that is, they are not suitable for rough use (driving a car, for example), so the formation of a new mesh (crystal lattice) is necessary. Vulcanization makes rubber hard, that is, it turns it into a material with different physical properties - rubber. Vulcanization itself includes several stages:

1. Formation of a new crystal lattice;
2. Induction;
3. Reversion.

Rubber production technology involves a complete change in the properties of rubber. The strength of rubber, both natural and synthesized, is significantly lower than the strength of ready-made vulcanized rubber. Elasticity is also one of the most important indicators for operation. The less elastic the rubber, the more it will crack. And it's not even about operation. If inelastic rubber just sits there, it will also crack, but simply from the difference in day and night temperatures.

Elastic rubber will contract and stretch to the limit that is inherent in it during creation - the more plasticizers put into the rubber during vulcanization, the more elastic the finished rubber will be. Modern rubber production technology no longer involves participation in the vulcanization procedure of natural rubber; all processes and principles of chemical action are based on the interaction of synthetic rubbers with chemical reagents. But, however, additives and components are not always exclusively synthetic.

Depending on the final purpose of the rubber, the following may be added to it during the vulcanization process:

• soot;
• acetylated lanolin;
• glycerol.

Types of vulcanization

The most popular methods for creating rubber remain hot and cold vulcanization. Hot vulcanization is carried out at temperatures from +250 0 C to +290 0 C. Cold vulcanization gives temperatures from +20 0 C to +30 0 C and is usually used to create sealant materials. There is also sulfur vulcanization, which is needed to create inner tubes for cars, military and hiking shoes, and bicycle tires. In this case, hot sulfur and catalysts are used to help speed up the vulcanization process.

Rubber production process, video review: