Residual effects of alcohol intoxication punishment. Signs of alcohol intoxication. Rules for examination in a medical institution
ALCOHOL INOXISONATION (acute alcohol intoxication) - a comprehensive syndrome of the effects of alcohol on the body, a kind of transient condition that occurs after drinking alcohol, which is accompanied by disturbances or changes in physiological, psychological or behavioral functions and reactions.
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
Alcohol and its metabolites are toxic substances that affect the central nervous system and the entire body as a whole. The occurrence of alcohol intoxication indicates a pronounced impairment of the individual’s ability to control his behavior under normal conditions, which may be associated both with the amount of alcohol taken and with individual sensitivity to it.
CLASSIFICATION
- Simple alcohol intoxication.
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- Dysphoric variant.
- Paranoid option.
- With hebephrenic features.
- With hysterical features.
- Pathological intoxication (transient psychosis, the relief of which is dealt with by psychiatrists).
- Epileptoid form.
- Paranoid form.
CLINICAL PICTURE
Alcohol intoxication includes pathological changes in the mental sphere and behavior, disorders in the autonomic-vascular regulation system, movement disorders, the smell of alcohol on the breath and positive chemical reactions to ethyl alcohol.
- The main symptom of simple alcohol intoxication is euphoria. It usually occurs after taking relatively small doses of alcohol and is relatively short-lived: it lasts for the first 1-3 hours after drinking alcohol. Often euphoria is not stable enough and is easily replaced by dysphoric outbursts. For its occurrence and maintenance, it is necessary to maintain a favorable psychological environment. Increased speech and motor activity, expressive behavior, distractibility, disinhibition and increased self-esteem are the main signs of euphoria.
- Altered forms of simple alcohol intoxication.
- The dysphoric variant of alcoholic intoxication occurs in patients with alcoholism, as well as in various types of organic brain failure. This option is characterized by the absence of euphoria, the presence from the very beginning of a gloomy mood with irritability, anger and conflict, and a tendency to aggression. A dysphoric shade of mood also occurs when the state of intoxication ends.
- The paranoid version of alcohol intoxication is characterized by suspicion, touchiness, pickiness, and a tendency to interpret the words and actions of others as a desire to humiliate, ridicule, or gain the upper hand over the interlocutor.
- Alcohol intoxication with hebephrenic features is manifested by foolishness, antics, and senseless violence.
- Alcohol intoxication with hysterical features occurs in the presence of a similar personal predisposition and is accompanied by theatrical sad affect, violent scenes of despair, “madness,” and demonstrative suicidal attempts.
- The main sign of pathological intoxication is considered to be a relatively long stupor of consciousness with a disorder of orientation in place, time, situation, and sometimes in one’s own personality. At the same time, they note the external orderliness and expediency of the actions and deeds of an individual who is in a state of intoxication, although essentially his behavior lacks a clear motivation and is inadequate to reality. These disorders, as a rule, arise unexpectedly and are accompanied by a sharp change in the affective sphere with the appearance of rage, fear, anger, and unprovoked aggression.
Depending on the nature and severity of clinical manifestations, mild, moderate and severe degrees of alcoholic intoxication, as well as alcoholic coma, are distinguished.
- Mild degree of alcohol intoxication
- Minor changes in mental activity (for example, isolation, delayed reaction, hot temper, demonstrative reactions, attempts to dissimulate, euphoria, emotional instability, difficulty concentrating, distractibility, etc.).
- Increased vegetative-vascular reactions (hyperemia of the skin and mucous membranes, scleral injection, increased sweating, tachycardia, etc.).
- Individual disturbances in the motor sphere (possible changes in gait, staggering when walking with quick turns, instability in the sensitized and simple Romberg position, inaccuracy in performing small movements and coordination tests, horizontal nystagmus when looking to the side, positive Taschen test).
- Smell of alcohol on the breath.
- Positive chemical reactions to alcohol (in the body’s media - exhaled air, urine or blood).
- Moderate alcohol intoxication
- Pronounced changes in mental activity: behavior accompanied by a violation of social norms, incorrect assessment of the situation, lethargy, agitation with aggressive or auto-aggressive actions and inappropriate statements, euphoria, dysphoria, violation of the sequence of thoughts, fragmentation of statements, elements of perseveration, slowing down and impoverishment of associations, etc.
- Vegetative-vascular disorders: hyperemia or pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, tachycardia, increased breathing, fluctuations in blood pressure, increased sweating, salivation, dilated pupils, sluggish reaction to light (photoreaction).
- Motor and neuromuscular disorders: severe dysarthria, instability in a standing position and when walking, distinct disturbances in coordination of movements, decreased tendon reflexes and pain sensitivity, horizontal nystagmus.
- Positive chemical tests for ethyl alcohol.
- Severe degree of alcohol intoxication
- Severe mental disorders: disturbances in orientation, severe lethargy, drowsiness, low availability of contact with others, lack of understanding of the meaning of questions, fragmentary meaningless statements.
- Severe vegetative-vascular disorders: tachycardia, arterial hypotension, hoarse breathing due to the accumulation of mucus in the oral cavity and nasopharynx, pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, sweating, in some cases involuntary urination, weak reaction of the pupils to light.
- Severe motor and neuromuscular disorders: inability to stand independently and perform purposeful actions, suppressed tendon reflexes, decreased corneal reflexes, sometimes spontaneous nystagmus.
- Pungent odor of alcohol from the mouth.
- Positive chemical tests for ethyl alcohol. As a rule, more than 3 ppm of alcohol is found in the blood.
- Alcohol coma
- There are no signs of mental activity (unconsciousness, lack of reactions to the environment).
- Severe disturbances of autonomic regulation and activity of the cardiovascular system (collapsed state, involuntary urination and defecation, respiratory disorders).
- Severe neuromuscular disorders (sharp decrease in muscle tone, absence of pain, corneal, tendon reflexes, in some cases pathological reflexes, hyperkinesis, etc.).
- Strong smell of alcohol.
- Blood alcohol concentrations above 3-4 ppm.
Alcoholism is a disease caused by both psychological and physical dependence of a person on alcoholic beverages. Often, a person is pushed onto the path of addiction by reasons such as social insecurity, the negative example of relatives and friends, the inability to relieve stress in healthy ways, or simple lack of self-confidence. Depending on the characteristics of the drinker’s body and the amount of drink, a person may show various signs of intoxication.
However, in any case, excessive libation will lead the drinker to the state of an unconscious animal, when only medical assistance in the form of life-saving infusions (droppers) can save the patient.
Important: alcoholism, also depending on the strength of the patient’s nervous system, can occur both with subsequent psychoses and disorders of consciousness, and without them. But in any case, uncontrolled and prolonged use of ethanol in large quantities will lead the patient to degradation and dementia. And the reason for this is the worn-out and incapacitated liver under the influence of alcohol.
Alcohol intoxication: definition and severity depending on the characteristics of the body
Alcohol intoxication is a disorder of the nervous system under the influence of ethanol. It can manifest itself both mentally and somatically, neurologically. That is, ethanol affects either all body systems at once, or weaker ones. At the same time, the severity of the manifestations of an alcoholic “high” depends on the quantity, quality and type of drink. In addition, the severity of intoxication at the same doses and quality of alcohol may depend on a person’s sensitivity to ethanol, and on the physical component of the drinker’s body.
The absorption of ethanol into the blood begins immediately after alcohol enters the stomach. At the same time, absorption can be slightly delayed if you eat high-quality and fatty foods. If you drink on an empty stomach, which alcoholics do at stages 2-3 of the disease, then the absorption of alcohol will be higher and faster.
Important: it is worth knowing that sensitivity to ethanol increases significantly if a person is physically tired, prone to chronic lack of sleep, or is on the verge of nervous exhaustion. In addition, sensitivity to ethanol increases during periods of fasting, dieting, or exhaustion. Prolonged overheating or hypothermia can also provoke sudden intoxication of the drinker.
Note that women, older people, children and adolescents are more sensitive to alcoholic beverages than the adult male population. At the same time, the body’s resistance to alcoholic beverages is due to the presence of a large number of enzymes that can break down alcohol in the blood and neutralize it.
Important: people of the Far North have a genetically low level of such enzymes, which means that the slightest dose of alcohol can put them in a coma. That is, such people have complete intolerance to alcohol. Similar cases occur among residents of other regions of Russia, but they are rare.
Stages of alcohol intoxication and their signs
Signs of alcohol intoxication may appear depending on its stage. Thus, professional narcologists distinguish three stages of alcohol intoxication with symptoms and signs inherent in each of them.
Mild degree of intoxication
The amount of ethanol in the blood in this case ranges from 20 to 100 mmol/l. A drunk person is slightly more excitable. The eyes shine, movements become more impetuous and slightly blurred. The person experiences some euphoria, relaxation and elation. Communication among friends and acquaintances becomes more lively and witty. It seems to a person that he is capable of moving mountains, and strives to prove it to everyone. With a slight degree of intoxication, attention becomes distracted, which is where blunders in work occur. And if a person notices his mistakes, it causes laughter. In addition, a mild degree of intoxication is characterized by rapid heartbeat and redness of the facial skin as a result of a rush of blood. There is increased appetite and libido. It is noteworthy that a decline in excitement (talkativeness, euphoria and relaxation) occurs after 2-5 hours, if you do not take more alcohol. In this case, the person falls into a drowsy state and goes to sleep. As a rule, there are no memory loss after such intoxication. And the person does not suffer from headaches or hangover.
Average degree of intoxication
Here, a person already has pronounced neurological disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), since the amount of ethanol in the blood is from 100 to 250 mmol/l. In this case, the person experiences an unsteady gait and impaired coordination of movements. Speech becomes incoherent, and if you want to perform a finger test, as a rule, an unclear hit occurs. Also, with an average degree of intoxication, a physically weak person may experience vomiting or nausea, which indicates that the body is rejecting alcohol. With moderate intoxication, the mood can change from good-natured to aggressive or embittered. It is worth noting that it is becoming increasingly difficult to attract the attention of such a person in a company, but at the same time the drinker is still oriented in space. As a rule, after waking up, a person who has brought himself to a moderate degree of alcohol intoxication will experience all the delights of toxic poisoning - headache, nausea, chills, dizziness. Occasional memory loss is also possible.
Severe stage of alcohol intoxication
When the concentration of alcohol in the blood is from 250 to 400 mmol/l and above, a severe stage of intoxication occurs. A person who has drunk a large amount of alcoholic beverages experiences ataxia (the inability to stand on their own). In addition, the drinker experiences depression of consciousness. That is, the person is as if stunned and is not present in the environment. This condition may be characterized by unintelligible muttering or sharp shouting. In addition, a person in a severe stage of intoxication may exhibit the following signs:
- Severe vomiting;
- Urinary and possibly fecal incontinence;
- Decreased body temperature, especially in the extremities;
- It is impossible to bring a sick (drunk) patient back to consciousness even with the help of ammonia. After awakening, a person does not remember more of what happened to him.
Important: in this condition, it is possible to fall into a coma due to excessive toxic effects on the liver. Especially if the drunk person drank such a dose of alcohol for the first time. They (such people), as a rule, need to be sent to a medical facility for emergency care.
Pathologies of intoxication
Doctors also distinguish between certain types of pathological intoxication that are characteristic of persons with various forms of psychosis (schizophrenia, etc.). In pathological intoxication, a person may only need a small enough dose of alcohol for his body to fall into transient psychosis. At the same time, the person outwardly remains almost similar to the sober people around. Such a drinker is betrayed by ridiculous, inappropriately thrown phrases, a state of prostration in relation to himself and those around him. At the same time, you can notice a person who is in a twilight state under the influence of pathological alcoholic intoxication only if he commits some unusual act that shocks society. People in this state are characterized by fears and a state of passion. Often it is in this state that all crimes are committed.
Epileptoid intoxication
If pathological intoxication transforms in a person into the so-called epileptoid form, then the state of detachment is replaced by severe excitability. Here the external signs of alcohol intoxication will look different. Their main manifestations will be aggression, anger, actions that are not justified by anything and are incomprehensible to others. At the same time, a person’s speech can be sharp, but at the same time completely meager. It is noteworthy that at this stage of intoxication a person does not have hallucinations. He is fully conscious.
Paranoid intoxication
In this case, the pathology is expressed by the fact that the drinker is in a state of paranoia. He sees danger and threat everywhere. Often such a person can be recognized by his state of uncontrollable horror. At the same time, the drinker may falsely recognize the person around him as the person who threatens him. As a rule, with the paranoid pathology of intoxication, anxious sleep occurs, followed by amnesia.
Important: in Russia there are on average about 10 million alcohol dependent people who put their lives and health at enormous risk. This figure is 7% of the total population of the country. Every year their number is growing compared to 1999.
Many of us, especially novice drivers, would like to understand what ppm of alcohol in the blood is and have a table on hand to determine the alcohol content in the body.
What is ppm
ppm(note - not "promil", as many people write) - this is one thousandth, used to indicate the number of thousandths of something in general. The concentration of alcohol in the blood is also measured in ppm - that is, the concentration of ethanol in it. For those who drive vehicles or work with machinery, it is especially important to know how ppm of alcohol in the blood is determined.
An indicator of 0.3 ppm of alcohol in the blood indicates that in one liter of fluid contained in the body, there is 0.3 g of alcohol. This is the so-called “endogenous”, natural level of alcohol, not provoked by its direct consumption.
Alcohol reaches its maximum concentration in the blood half an hour after drinking alcohol. The concentration of ethanol in the blood at a certain point in time, expressed in ppm, allows:
- calculate alcohol content at any given time;
- determine the volume of a particular drink required to achieve a given concentration;
- calculate the time it takes to remove alcohol from the body.
The last point is especially important for drivers. In Russia, there is no “acceptable level” of ethanol concentration in the blood for drivers of vehicles - that is, driving after drinking any alcoholic beverages, regardless of the amount drunk, is prohibited. Therefore, if you drink a “warming” drink, you should wait until the alcohol is completely removed from the body. The liver is responsible for this process. Typically, about 0.15 ppm is excreted from the male body in an hour and about 0.12 from the female body.
How to independently determine the degree of intoxication
- a person's body weight and gender
- percentage of body fluid in relation to total weight
- volume of drink consumed and alcohol content in it
Example:
Consider the case of a young man weighing 77 kg after drinking 250 ml of vodka containing 40% alcohol.
- Let's calculate the weight of fluid in the body, it is about 70% in the male body: 77 kg X 70% = 53.9 kg
- Let's determine the content of pure ethanol in the drink. For this:
250 ml X 40% = 100 ml of pure alcohol, which in grams will be
100 ml X 0.79 g/ml (density of ethyl alcohol) = 79 g of pure alcohol
79 g – 10% (standard error due to many factors) = 71.1 g pure ethanol - Let's calculate the ppm of alcohol in the blood: 71.1 g / 53.9 kg = 1.32 ppm
Or you can use our calculator.
Online alcohol calculator for calculating ppm of alcohol in the blood
* For calculations, it is assumed that alcohol was drunk within a short period of time (no more than 1 hour). Calculations have a certain error, since they depend on several hundred more factors.
Table of ppm blood alcohol and the corresponding degree of intoxication
Thus, our young man is in a state of mild intoxication.
Alcometers
To accurately determine the concentration of ethanol in the blood, it is used breathalyzer- a special device that measures the alcohol content in ppm in exhaled air. Today, all kinds of personal breathalyzers are available for free sale, with the help of which everyone can independently monitor the ppm level in the blood in order to avoid problems on the road.
Remember!
Drunk driving not only threatens to violate the law, but can also lead to irreparable tragedy!
Note!
It is correct to say “ppm” and not “ppm” or “ppm”!
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Time of action on the body after drinking alcohol.
Does the degree and speed of intoxication depend on the type of alcoholic drink? The degree of intoxication depends, firstly, on the dose of alcohol consumed, and secondly, on the strength of the alcoholic drink. When it comes to the quantity of alcohol consumed, one cannot fail to take into account its quality. For example, carbon dioxide promotes the absorption of alcohol into the blood. Therefore, the speed and degree of intoxication when consuming an alcoholic drink containing carbon dioxide or mixed with carbonated drinks is faster and greater than when consuming regular mono alcohol.
Alcohol is absorbed most quickly from alcoholic drinks containing up to 10% alcohol, i.e. primarily from wine, and comparatively slower from drinks with lower or higher alcohol concentration. A very common belief is that the alcohol content in beer is insignificant and therefore you can drink it even while driving. To refute this, it is enough to know that 1 liter of beer contains the same amount of alcohol as 400 g of wine or 100 g of vodka. Moreover, this beer can have a more detrimental effect on the body than 100 g of vodka. Alcohol consumed in high doses causes irreparable harm to the body.
Does diluting a strong alcoholic drink with water or juice prevent alcohol intoxication?
No, consuming a dose of mixed alcoholic beverage with water does not reduce the effects of alcohol on the body. Regardless of what is mixed with an alcoholic drink, the amount of alcohol in it remains the same, which means the effect on the body and brain remains the same.
Is it possible to avoid alcohol intoxication if you eat well before taking a dose of alcohol?
After consuming a dose, alcohol dissolves in the blood without the participation of the digestive organs. A full stomach slows down the rate of dissolution of alcohol in the blood and its effect on the body; alcohol intoxication will occur anyway, only a little later and perhaps more abruptly.
What determines the degree of alcohol intoxication?
On the one hand, it depends on the amount of alcoholic beverages consumed and the alcohol content in them, and on the other hand, on the characteristics of the human body while driving. The characteristics of the body include body weight, emotional and moral state of the driver. In addition to these factors, it is necessary to take into account how much time has passed since consuming a dose of alcohol. The body of a more massive person also contains more water. Therefore, with the same dose of alcohol consumed, the amount of alcohol content will be greater in someone who has less body weight.
Is it possible to influence the process of removing alcohol from the blood?
Only time really influences the removal of alcohol from the blood and human body. The body and blood are freed from the dose of alcohol taken by its oxidation and subsequent elimination. The liver removes about 90% of the alcohol that enters the body. A small amount of alcohol is excreted through the lungs, sweat glands, and kidneys. It takes time to remove a dose of alcohol. Therefore, none of these methods, such as a cold shower, a walk in the fresh air, or a cup of strong black coffee or tea, speeds up the process of removing a dose of alcohol from the body.
When can you drive without breaking traffic rules?
If you have been drinking, you will have to wait a while to drive so as not to be penalized for violating traffic rules. The table of norms for the consumption and removal of alcohol from the blood and body, which contains average data on the time of this process, will tell you how long to wait. It should be noted that consumption in a bad mood (or state) can increase the indicated values by almost 2 times. Therefore, just in case, give yourself a few extra hours in reserve to equalize your blood alcohol level.
How does alcohol affect the reaction?
At 0.2 - 0.5 ppm it is already difficult to estimate at what speed the light sources are moving and their size.
At 0.5 - 0.8 ppm (1 liter of beer or 150 ml of vodka), the eyes switch more slowly to different types of lighting and perceive red color worse.
A larger amount of alcohol in the blood narrows the angle of vision, and the driver generally ceases to see what is happening on the sides.
A dose of 1.2 ppm (2.5 liters of beer or 400 ml of vodka), as a rule, leads to a complete loss of ability to drive a car.
Blood levels of 4-5 ppm are officially considered lethal.
Alcohol consumption and elimination table
The period of complete elimination of alcohol from the body in hours.
Volume 100 grams
Volume 300 grams
Volume 500 grams
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www.rul.by
The first and second tables indicate how much time the driver will need to be able to drive; namely, what amount of ppm remains in the driver’s body after a certain period of time. For example, in the first column, immediately after a person drinks 100 grams, there will be 1.02 ppm of alcohol in his body; after 15 minutes - 0.47 ppm, etc. The red color indicates the amount of ppm allowed for movement in the body, and the “zeros” indicate how long it takes for alcohol to completely leave the body. The ratio is relative, since the results are influenced by many factors, such as age, weight, what the driver ate while drinking, etc.
The following table shows substances and medications that can change the driver's general condition while driving. As well as a list of medications that are not recommended to be taken while driving.
Alcohol intoxication is a combination of mental, autonomic and neurological disorders that occur as a result of drinking alcohol. In certain doses, alcohol relieves mental stress, improves mood, and creates a feeling of freedom and fun. These sensations are temporary and, as the dose of alcohol increases, they are replaced by a state of excitement with loss of self-control, aggressiveness, or a depressed and depressed mood.
The speed at which the first signs of alcohol intoxication appear depends on the strength of the drink and the degree to which the stomach is filled with food.
The degree of intoxication is determined by the amount of alcohol taken per 1 kg of weight, individual tolerance and the state of the body while drinking alcohol. If you are tired or exhausted, even small doses of alcohol can cause severe intoxication. In a state of mental stress, the intoxicating effect of alcoholic beverages is reduced.
There are three stages of alcohol intoxication:
Mild alcohol intoxication (0.5 - 1.5 ‰ blood alcohol). Characterized by uplifting mood, complacency, a feeling of comfort, and a desire for communication. At the same time, the ability to concentrate attention decreases, judgments become frivolous, and one’s own capabilities are overestimated. Troubles that arise in this state are often perceived more calmly and simply. People who are slightly intoxicated often look even calmer than sober people in stressful situations. The volume and quality of work performed decreases, and the number of errors increases. The perception of time and space is disrupted, so alcohol intoxication is especially dangerous when working on transport and with moving mechanisms. Memories of the entire period of intoxication are fully preserved.
Moderate intoxication (1.5 - 2.5 ‰ blood alcohol). At this stage of alcohol intoxication, irritability, dissatisfaction, dissatisfaction, and anger often appear. Possibly aggressive behavior. Out-of-control experiences easily arise (overestimation of one’s capabilities, resentment and reproaches towards others). Loss of coordination of movements increases, drowsiness and lethargy gradually develop. Moderate intoxication is usually replaced by deep sleep. Upon awakening, the consequences of alcohol intoxication are felt: weakness, lethargy, fatigue, depressed mood, thirst, decreased or lack of appetite, discomfort in the heart area. Some events that occurred during the period of intoxication may not be clearly remembered.
Severe alcohol intoxication (2.5 - 3 ‰ blood alcohol). Accompanied by a violation of orientation in the environment, speech slows down, facial expressions are lost. Vestibular disorders are noted: dizziness, nausea, vomiting. With increasing intoxication, impairment of consciousness increases, up to the development of coma, breathing slows down, the tone of the cardiovascular system decreases, immobility and muscle relaxation develop. Sometimes there are seizures. As a result of paralysis of the respiratory or vasomotor center, death can occur. Subsequently, asthenia, anorexia and night sleep disorders are observed for several days. Severe alcohol intoxication is accompanied by complete amnesia.
When the blood alcohol content increases to 3 - 5 ‰, severe poisoning develops with a possible fatal outcome, requiring emergency toxicological assistance.
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Permissible alcohol limit while driving in ppm
In 2010-2013, in the legislation of the Russian Federation, only zero ppm content was considered the norm, that is, there should be a complete absence of alcohol in the blood and exhaled air. The situation has changed.
On July 23, 2013, the law abolishing the zero ppm when checking motorists came into force. In accordance with the amendment to the Code of Administrative Offenses in the Russian Federation and the Traffic Rules, The norm for ppm content is 0.16 in exhaled air and 0.35 alcohol in the blood.
The reason for the changes in the law was the following:
Products that show ppm when tested with a device include:
- chocolate candies;
- nonalcoholic beer;
- kvass;
- curdled milk, kefir and yogurt;
- oranges;
- warm juices;
- sandwiches made from black bread and sausage;
- cigarettes;
- overripe bananas;
- mouth freshener;
- some medications.
The listed products contain a certain small amount of alcohol, which dissipates after a period of time. Until 2013, a driver who drank a glass of kefir before driving on the road risked receiving a fine for the content of ppm and even deprivation of his license for a period of 1.5 to 2 years.
Promille is a value that determines the degree of intoxication. 0.2 ppm contains 0.09 mg of alcohol per 1 liter.
Generally accepted degrees of intoxication:
- Initial stage (0.8-1.2 ppm). The angle of lateral vision is limited and the perception of distance changes. The effect of temporary blindness appears when switching low beam to high beam headlights.
- Deep automobile intoxication (1.3-2.4 ppm). The activity of the organs of vision and concentration of attention deteriorate, and the feeling of fear atrophies.
- Acute intoxication of the body (4-5 ppm). Loss of consciousness and coma.
Alcohol dissipates over a long period of time, so it is not difficult for road service employees to detect its presence.
Types of penalties for drivers
If it is established that the permissible ppm level has been exceeded, the motorist may face the following fines and liability:
- If this violation is recorded for the driver for the first time, he will have to pay a fine of 30,000 rubles and forget about driving for 1.5-2 years. The same punishment awaits drivers who refuse a medical examination.
- If the rules are violated again, the driver will be fined 50,000 rubles and deprived of the right to drive a vehicle for 3 years.
- If a person has a fine for drunk driving and is found to have been driving while intoxicated, the person faces up to 15 days in prison.
In the near future, it is possible that penalties for drivers who drive after drinking alcohol will be tightened.
Time to remove alcohol from the body
It is important to know how many ppm the alcohol you drink contains and how quickly it disappears.
The amount of ppm after drinking alcohol depends on the following characteristics:
- alcohol content of the drink;
- volume of drink consumed;
- person's weight;
- brand of alcohol.
For example, if a person weighing 60 kg takes 0.5 liters of beer with an alcohol content of 6%, the ppm level will be about 1.07, which is no longer the norm, and driving in this state is prohibited.
After a certain period of time, the alcohol content in the body decreases. Already 10 minutes after drinking alcohol, the indicators will exceed the norm; after 30 minutes, the alcohol in ppm will reach its highest concentration and will dissipate in a few hours - from 3 to 22, depending on the strength of the drink and the amount drunk.
To calculate the ppm level in the morning after drinking alcoholic beverages, it is important to know that in women about 0.10 ppm is removed in 1 hour, in men - from 0.10 to 0.15.
However, for each person this time is different due to the individual characteristics of organisms, including due to differences in metabolic rate.
On average, one bottle of beer disappears in 6 hours, but this does not guarantee 100% normal readings on a breathalyzer when tested, since traffic police officers’ devices react even to vapors accumulated in the lungs. Deputies of the State Duma even asked various types of media not to publish tables with calculations to determine the amount of alcohol allowed while driving.
ppm in various drinks
There is little ppm in non-alcoholic beer, after one bottle it is approximately 0.2 ppm.
So that in the morning after drinking the machine shows the norm by determining the ppm, in the evening it is permissible to drink alcohol in approximately the following volume (per 80 kg of body weight):
- For men, 240 ml of weak beer, 25 ml of vodka or 50 ml of wine.
- For women, 200 ml of beer, 20 ml of vodka or 40 ml of wine.
After drinking kvass in the amount of 1 jar, you need to wait a while before going on the road. Otherwise, when stopped by traffic police officers, a special device can show up to 0.4 ppm, which will be a reason to send the driver for a more detailed medical examination.
Modern breathalyzers are highly sensitive. If you do not want to lose your license or pay a fine, or put your life and the lives of others in danger, avoid drinking alcohol before making a trip. Remember that a drunk driver has a sluggish reaction and loses touch with reality.
auto-lawyer.org
What are the dangers of driving with a hangover?
We understand the nuances of examining “hungover” drivers
True story: after last year on March 8, an acquaintance got behind the wheel. Stopped. The breathalyzer showed 0.17 mg/l. The driver demanded a medical examination in the hope of sobering up, but the doctor’s breathalyzer showed 0.171 mg/l. The result? The license will be returned next summer after retaking the theoretical exam...
Myths and truths about residual intoxication
The first myth is that after a good sleep a person becomes sober by default. Yes, a rested person usually feels better, but there is an important nuance that narcologists told us about. During sleep, a person’s metabolism slows down, as well as the rate of breakdown of alcohol in the muscles, as a result, sleep itself only slows down the sobering up process.
It is clear that you need to sleep - violence against the body, weakened by alcohol, can end badly. But hoping that sleep will nullify any intoxication is naive.
Myth two - residual intoxication will quickly disappear. Many, like the driver in the first paragraph, hope to get in shape while they are being taken for a medical examination. They say that they are already almost sober, and after a couple of hours...
In the city and its surroundings, delivery of a driver to a medical facility usually takes 20-40 minutes. But residual alcohol can “live” in a person for hours. Taking a glass of champagne, you can reach a peak intoxication of, say, 0.17 mg/l, which will fade away after half an hour. But if the breathalyzer shows the same 0.17 mg/l the morning after drinking strong alcohol, the “zeroing” period may be delayed.
Will a hangover deprive you of your rights?
Narcologists say that the popular understanding of the word hangover and the scientific one differ. Doctors use the term withdrawal syndrome - a condition in which a person feels unwell and requires new doses of alcohol to relieve symptoms of intoxication. This condition is inextricably linked with alcoholism of varying degrees and, naturally, excludes experiments with driving.
What if a person drinks rarely and just had too much the night before? Dizziness, headache, difficulty concentrating, hand tremors... Even if you don’t have a breathalyzer at hand, rest assured, you can’t drive in this state. Firstly, residual alcohol almost certainly remains in the blood, and secondly, driving in itself in a painful or tired state is prohibited by the same clause 2.7 of the traffic rules, which also excludes drunken driving.
To begin the examination procedure, the traffic police officer must identify one of the signs of intoxication in the driver, which includes the smell of alcohol on the breath, unsteady posture and unsteadiness of gait, speech impairment, and a sharp change in the color of the skin of the face. Accordingly, with a hangover (in the popular interpretation), these symptoms will be quite obvious, which threatens, at a minimum, increased attention from the traffic police officer to your person.
Folk anti-hangover remedies, from brine to special preparations, can relieve swelling and restore the ionic balance of the body, but do not help reduce the level of alcohol in the blood and exhaled air. The mere fact of improved well-being is not identical to sobering up, because traffic police officers and doctors still have a breathalyzer as their main monitoring tool.
So when can you start driving?
At this point you need a table in which the time of sobering up is linked to the amount of alcohol taken, weight, and gender of the driver. But narcologists are adamant: the tables lie. The absorption and especially the removal of alcohol from the body is an individual process, and depends not only on the “specifications” of the person himself, but also on his current state: fatigue, physical passivity, health problems - all this can change the speed of sobriety and very significantly.
The peak concentration of alcohol in a person’s blood usually occurs half an hour to an hour after taking the appropriate dose, and this time is relatively stable and predictable. Alcohol is excreted through breathing and physiological fluids, and in addition, it is “liquidated” in human muscles during their work. There are dozens of factors that affect the rate of elimination, and many of them are variable.
In one of the alcohol tests we conducted, the test subjects drank 500 ml of a low-alcohol drink. They were close in weight and age, and the peaks of intoxication differed, but only slightly - 0.12 mg/l versus 0.15 mg/l. However, the time for complete zeroing was 2.5 and 3.5 hours, that is, they differed by an hour! What forecasts can be made here?
If you don’t have a breathalyzer at hand, choose a travel time with a guaranteed reserve. Better yet, call a taxi. Even better - don’t drink or do alcoholism coding according to Dovzhenko.
Is it worth the risk?
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Alcohol intoxication
Even for a person who does not drink alcohol, a breathalyzer can show up to 0.09 ppm on the exhale. According to narcologists, this is possible. It’s another matter when the indicator is accompanied by external signs of a hangover, such as fumes, tremors, slurred speech and inappropriate behavior.
To assess the degree of intoxication, an examination of the presence of alcohol in the blood is prescribed after drinking an alcoholic drink.
There are several stages of alcohol intoxication:
An indicator up to 0.4 ppm inclusive indicates that there is no effect of ethyl alcohol on the body.
At 0.5-0.6 ppm - the stage of mild intoxication. Speech activity, slight euphoria and a feeling of tranquility are observed, which is replaced in a drunk person at 0.3 to 0.5 units by impaired concentration and vision.
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Below 2 ppm is expressed by emotional instability, attacks of anger or excessive joy, slurred speech and impaired coordination of movements.
Severe alcohol poisoning occurs up to 3 ppm inclusive. Motor activity changes noticeably, stupor alternates with indifference to the environment, loss of consciousness is possible. Breathing is rapid, control over urination and behavior is absent.
The dose of alcohol corresponding to lethal danger is 3, 4 or higher units. Damage to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, unconsciousness, death.
Amount of vodka consumed in ppm
Consumers pay special attention to strong alcohol, its affordable price and long-lasting effect are superior to other alcoholic drinks.
After 1 drink, there will be about 1 ppm in the blood. After 15 minutes, this amount will decrease to 0.63 ppm. Half an hour is enough for your blood alcohol level to reach 0.44.
A different picture is observed after the first two glasses or 100 grams of vodka drunk, as indicated by 1.04 units. After 15 minutes of waiting there is a decrease to 0.67, and after another 30 minutes - to 0.55. It will take about 1.5 hours for the blood alcohol level to reach 0.49. And even 2 hours will not remove ethyl alcohol. The amount of alcohol will reach 0.42.
Many people are interested in, but if you drink a bottle of vodka, it will show how many ppm. Self-consumption of 0.33 liters of ethyl alcohol even after 12 hours will determine an unacceptable amount of 0.38 ppm.
A 0.5 liter bottle of vodka will reach 0.68 during the same time. It will take from 15 to 19 hours to completely cleanse the body.
How many ppm will the beer show?
Not inferior in popularity to strong vodka is the intoxicating alcoholic drink. If we talk about how many ppm 0.5 liters or a bottle of beer contains, then its amount will show 1.10 immediately after consumption. After half an hour it will drop by half. It will take about 2 hours and 30 minutes to completely remove this dose.
After a liter of beer, the alcohol content will be 1.23. Half an hour will reduce the ethyl alcohol content in the blood to 0.57. After 60 minutes, 0.52 units can be determined.
After 2 hours from the last use, this number will reach 0.46. And even after 3 hours of waiting, the breathalyzer will show 0.34 after beer. Only after 4 hours will the blood be completely cleared.
You can speed up the process of removing ethanol from the body if you consider that on an empty stomach you can lose only a tenth of the alcohol in an hour. A full stomach helps eliminate 50% of the drink.
How to calculate the number of ppm in the blood
You should not particularly trust and rely on sources such as a table indicating the number of ppm, especially on the eve of taking a blood test for the presence of alcohol. The data will be reliable in a healthy person who has consumed one, and not many types of alcoholic beverages.
It is necessary to take into account the regularity and duration of administration. In order not to be mistaken about how much alcohol you can drink, it is better to calculate the amount yourself.
We determine the permissible norm of ppm in the blood using the formula developed by Eric Widmark, where “c” is the alcohol concentration, “A” is the grams of alcohol, and “m” is the person’s weight. The “r” value for women is 0.6, for men - 0.7 ppm.
C=A/(m×r)
For example, if a man weighing 60 kg drank 100 grams of vodka the day before, then the alcohol concentration in his blood will be 0.42 ppm.
In order to find out what the permissible alcohol limit is suitable for an individual, another equation is used:
A = c × m × r2
Thanks to this formula, it is easy to find out whether it is worth drinking at all. It is also worth considering the fact that every hour only 0.15 mg of one liter of blood leaves the body. From 0.27 to 3 it lasts for about another day.
Therefore, if you are not sure that the calculations are correct, it is better to give up alcohol. It is very difficult to fool modern breathalyzers.
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To find out how quickly alcohol is eliminated from the body, it is important to know the general mechanisms of its absorption..
Almost all human organs take part in this process.
Ethanol has a damaging effect on each of them.
Due to the fact that alcohol is a poison in relation to the body, when it enters the bloodstream, the mechanism of its disintegration is instantly launched.
The distribution of alcohol throughout the body is not a complicated process.. When drinking any alcoholic drink, it immediately enters the stomach and moves further along the digestive tract.
Absorption of alcohol is a long process. For example, after the last glass you drink, this process will last at least another 30 minutes.
If a person snacks and eats a lot, the process can take several hours. It is for this reason that any alcoholic drink “inserts” much faster on an empty stomach.
Once in the blood, ethyl alcohol is carried by the bloodstream throughout the body to all organs, including the lungs and brain. In the liver, it is gradually broken down in small portions and excreted from the body.
The presence of alcohol in the brain tissue causes the effect of intoxication. The smell of alcohol on your breath occurs when it enters the lungs. The maximum concentration of ethyl alcohol in the body occurs an hour after its consumption.
The higher the concentration of ethanol in the blood, the more pronounced the disturbances in human behavior are. Thus:
To know how long it takes for alcohol to be completely removed from the blood, it is necessary to clarify all the mechanisms for cleansing the body of it.
The leading route is through the liver. Here, ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde, a toxic substance that has a negative effect on all tissues, organs and cells of the body.
The breakdown occurs due to the action of a special enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase. Acetaldehyde is then converted through oxidation into acetic acid, which can be utilized by various cells and tissues.
How long it takes for alcohol to be eliminated from the body can be calculated using a simple mathematical method. In men, the average rate is about 0.1-0.15 ppm per hour. In women, on average, up to 0.1 ppm per hour.
In its pure form, ethanol can evaporate through the lungs and skin, and can also be filtered by the kidneys. It is impossible to speed up the process of breaking down alcohol in the liver, but it is quite possible to promote more intensive elimination through the lungs, kidneys and skin.
Time table for removing alcohol from the human body
| Alcohol/person weight | 60 kg | 70 kg | 80 kg | 90 kg | |
| Beer 4% | 100 gr | 35 min | 30 min | 25 min | 20 minutes |
| 300 gr | 1 hour 45 min | 1 hour 30 min | 1 hour 20 min | 1 hour 10 min | |
| 500 gr | 2 hours 55 min | 2 hours 30 min | 2 hours 10 min | 2 hours | |
| Beer 6% | 100 gr | 55 min | 45 min | 40 min | 35 min |
| 300 gr | 2 hours 35 min | 2 hours 15 min | 2 hours | 1 hour 45 min | |
| 500 gr | 4 hours 20 min | 3 hours 50 min | 3 hours 15 min | 2 hours 55 min | |
| Tonic 9% | 100 gr | 1 hour 20 min | 1 hour | 55 min | 50 min |
| 300 gr | 3 hours 55 min | 3 hours 20 min | 2 hours 45 min | 2 hours 35 min | |
| 500 gr | 6 hours 30 min | 5 hours 35 minutes | 4 hours 55 min | 4 hours 25 min | |
| Champagne 11% | 100 gr | 1 hour 35 min | 1 hour 20 min | 1 hour 10 min | 1 hour |
| 300 gr | 4 hours 45 min | 4 hours | 3 hours 35 min | 3 hours 10 min | |
| 500 gr | 8 ocloc'k | 6 hours 50 min | 6 hours | 5 hours 10 min | |
| Port 18% | 100 gr | 2 hours 35 min | 2 hours 15 min | 2 hours | 1 hour 45 min |
| 300 gr | 7 hours 55 minutes | 6 hours 45 minutes | 5 hours 55 minutes | 5 hours 15 min | |
| 500 gr | 11 hours 25 minutes | 11 hours 10 minutes | 9 hours 50 min | 8 hours 45 minutes | |
| Tincture 24% | 100 gr | 3 hours 30 min | 3 hours | 2 hours 35 min | 2 hours 20 min |
| 300 gr | 10 hours 25 minutes | 9 o'clock | 7 hours 50 min | 7 o'clock | |
| 500 gr | 17 hours 25 minutes | 14 hours 50 minutes | 13 hours | 11 hours 35 minutes | |
| Liqueur 30% | 100 gr | 4 hours 20 min | 3 hours 45 min | 3 hours 15 min | 2 hours 55 min |
| 300 gr | 13 hours | 11 hours 10 minutes | 9 hours 45 minutes | 8 hours 40 min | |
| 500 gr | 21 hours 45 minutes | 18 hours 40 minutes | 16 hours 20 minutes | 14 hours 35 minutes | |
| Vodka 40% | 100 gr | 6 hours | 5 hours 30 min | 4 hours 25 min | 3 hours 45 min |
| 300 gr | 17 hours 25 minutes | 14 hours 55 minutes | 13 hours 25 minutes | 11 hours 35 minutes | |
| 500 gr | 29 hours | 24 hours 55 min | 21 hours 45 minutes | 19 hours 20 minutes | |
| Cognac 42% | 100 gr | 6 hours | 5 hours 45 min | 4 hours 55 min | 4 hours |
| 300 gr | 18 hours | 14 hours 55 minutes | 13 hours 55 minutes | 12 hours 10 minutes | |
| 500 gr | 30 hours 30 minutes | 24 hours 55 min | 22 hours 45 minutes | 20 hours 20 minutes | |
The most effective way is to use medical methods. A dropper with glucose, insulin and vitamins B and C restores the normal state of the body, accelerating the elimination of ethyl alcohol from it.
There are various tablets that promote the rapid removal of alcohol breakdown products through urine.
What you can do yourself to speed up the removal of alcohol from the blood:
However, the most universal and reliable way is considered to be good healthy sleep.
Alcohol intoxication is a transient condition that develops after drinking alcohol. It is provoked by the psychoactive effect of ethanol and is a comprehensive symptom complex of altered physiological, mental and neurological reactions.
Alcohol intoxication causes changes in human behavioral functions
The intoxicating effect of alcohol is realized through stimulation of the underlying structures of the central nervous system under conditions of inhibition of the higher centers of the cerebral cortex. Stimulation of the peripheral nervous system is also of certain importance.
After drinking alcohol, its maximum concentration in the blood is determined by the end of the 2nd hour; the degree of intoxication depends not only on the amount of drink taken, but also on the speed of its consumption. The same volume of alcohol, drunk over a different period of time, has a different effect on the body: in an adult middle-aged man without concomitant pathology of the excretory organs, 200 ml of anhydrous alcohol drunk over 4–5 hours will cause persistent intoxication, in 1– 2 hours – acute poisoning.
Alcohol selectively accumulates in brain tissue, where its concentration is 75% higher than in the bloodstream. Normally, within an hour, a healthy liver inactivates approximately 10 ml of alcohol in terms of anhydrous alcohol.
Mortality caused by alcohol consumption, according to average data from the World Health Organization, is 6.3% in men and 1.1% in women. The highest mortality rate is observed in Eastern European countries: for example, from 1990 to 2001, more than half of Russian males aged 15–54 years died from causes directly related to alcohol abuse (including pneumonia, tuberculosis, toxic damage to the liver, kidneys, injuries ).
Synonym: alcohol intoxication.
When physical and mental dependence on ethanol occurs, chronic alcohol intoxication develops - alcoholism.
Causes
The cause of alcohol intoxication is alcohol consumption.
The severity of intoxication directly depends on many factors: gender, age, weight of a person, connection with food intake, genetically determined characteristics (for example, the activity of the enzyme that breaks down alcohol, the body’s tolerance), the amount of alcohol drunk per unit of time, its type, quality and strength .
Forms and degrees
Alcohol intoxication is classified by severity and form.
According to the degree (according to the alcohol content in the systemic bloodstream, indicated in ppm), intoxication is divided into the following types:
- Less than 0.3‰ – no effect of alcohol on the body.
- From 0.3 to 0.5‰ – insignificant influence of alcohol.
- From 0.5 to 1.5‰ – mild intoxication.
- From 1.5 to 2.5‰ – moderate intoxication.
- From 2.5 to 3.0‰ – severe intoxication.
- From 3.0 to 5.0‰ – alcohol poisoning, possible death.
- More than 5.0‰ (according to some sources – 6.0‰) – poisoning incompatible with life.
The degree of intoxication depends not only on the amount of drink taken, but also on the speed of its consumption.
Alcohol intoxication comes in the following forms:
- Simple intoxication.
- Altered simple intoxication (dysphoric, hebephrenic, paranoid and hysterical variants).
In the presence of predisposing factors, the development of acute transient psychosis, which occurs in the form of twilight stupefaction (sudden switching off of consciousness with deep disorientation), is possible.
This condition is designated as pathological intoxication, its forms:
- Epileptoid.
- Paranoid (hallucinatory-paranoid).
Signs
Depending on the dose, routes of entry into the body, individual hereditary characteristics of the body, as well as the body’s tolerance to toxic doses of ethanol, the manifestations of various psychophysiological effects and the degree of their severity can vary significantly.
Mild alcohol intoxication
A mild degree of intoxication has the following signs:
- decreased accuracy of small movements that require increased concentration;
- absent-mindedness (easily switching, distractibility);
- slight change in speech;
- complacent mood, state of psychological comfort;
- weakening of self-criticism and critical attitude towards others;
- lively, expressive behavior, slight agitation;
- disinhibition of drives (food, sexual);
- hyperemia of the skin;
- tachycardia, increased blood pressure;
- increased sweating.
Normally, within an hour, a healthy liver inactivates approximately 10 ml of alcohol in terms of anhydrous alcohol.
Mild alcohol intoxication usually lasts from several minutes to several hours. After neutralization of intoxication, some decline in mood, lethargy, and slight motor retardation are noted. There are no negative consequences, memories of the state of intoxication are not distorted and are preserved in full.
Moderate alcohol intoxication
Moderate intoxication is characterized by the following:
- lack of coordination of movements (sweeping, carelessness);
- speech features (blurred speech, slow speech, deliberately correct articulation);
- uncertain, jerky, shaky gait;
- partial disorientation in time and place;
- fragmentation of mental experiences;
- difficulty perceiving and assessing what is happening;
- a sharp decrease in criticism of one’s own condition and behavior;
- impulsiveness and unreasonable actions;
- a sharp change in mood - from complacency to aggressive irritability, a melancholy-angry state;
- depressively colored emotional reactions.
Such intoxication, as a rule, ends in deep sleep with a pronounced post-intoxication state after waking up (manifested by lethargy, nausea, headache, and a feeling of weakness). Some events that took place while intoxicated (usually the final episodes) fall out of memory.
Severe alcohol intoxication
Severe alcohol intoxication is characterized by the predominance in the clinical picture of the following toxic effects of alcohol and phenomena of depression of the central nervous system:
- depression of consciousness;
- complete disorientation;
- sometimes involuntary defecation, urination;
- loss of connection between mental experiences;
- lethargy, incoherent speech, long pauses between words;
- nausea, vomiting;
- lack of facial expressions;
- instability of posture;
- pronounced cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes;
- cold extremities;
- low availability or complete inaccessibility to contact;
- tachycardia, hypotension;
- weak pupil reaction to light;
- rare hoarse breathing.
In extremely severe cases, an alcoholic coma develops with no signs of mental activity or reaction to stimuli.
Severe intoxication and alcoholic coma are absolute indications for emergency medical care.
After leaving the state of intoxication, severe post-intoxication disorders are observed, loss of ability to work for several days, and inability to remember the events that took place.
Altered forms of simple alcohol intoxication
Altered forms of simple intoxication also have characteristic features:
- Dysphoric variant. There is no stage of euphoria and elevated mood. Characterized by a gloomy mood with irritability, anger and conflict, a tendency to aggression.
- Paranoid option. It manifests itself as increased suspicion, touchiness and pickiness. The words and actions of others are regarded as attempts to offend and humiliate the interlocutor, and malicious intent is seen in everyday actions.
- Hebephrenic intoxication. It is manifested by foolishness, mocking, clownish mood and actions.
- Intoxication with hysterical features. It is characterized by theatricality of actions, exaggerated sorrowful experiences, a tendency to demonstrative, exalted actions or deliberate suicidal attempts, the purpose of which is to attract attention.
Pathological alcohol intoxication
Pathological intoxication begins suddenly, manifests itself as unmotivated emotional outbursts with delirium, expressed fear, anxiety, uncontrollable motor and speech agitation, often with aggressive actions towards oneself and others. Pathological intoxication ends with sleep as suddenly as it begins; after awakening, amnesia develops or vague, fragmented memories are retained. Such intoxication comes in the following forms:
- Epileptoid. It is characterized by sudden disorientation in time and place, loss of contact with reality, sudden agitation (intense, meaningless, chaotic actions), malice, affects of fear and anger.
- Paranoid (hallucinatory-paranoid). It manifests itself as sudden onset delirium, loss of contact with reality, suspicion, and wariness. Victims may perform complex actions, their behavior reflecting a distorted perception of the environment. Speech is fragmentary (in the form of individual words or phrases).
Diagnostics
The main diagnostic criterion for alcohol intoxication is the strong odor of alcohol from the breath.
Mortality caused by alcohol consumption, according to average data from the World Health Organization, is 6.3% in men and 1.1% in women.
For differential diagnosis of simple intoxication with its altered or pathological forms, as well as intoxication with other (including narcotic) substances, it is necessary to conduct a number of studies:
- collection of anamnestic data (information about previous abuse, neuropsychiatric diseases, traumatic brain injuries, possible alcohol intake, specifying the amount and strength of the drink);
- general examination;
- laboratory determination of ethanol concentration in the blood;
- urine analysis for the presence of traces of narcotic substances and their metabolites;
- immunochromatographic test for the presence of alcohol in saliva;
- Rappoport reaction (discoloration of a pink 0.5% solution of potassium permanganate with the addition of drops of sulfuric acid when blowing);
- Mokhov-Shinkarenko reaction (change in the color of the reagent from yellow to green or blue when blown into special glass indicator tubes containing fine-grained silica gel treated with chromic anhydride and sulfuric acid).
Consultation with specialists (neurologist, narcologist, psychiatrist) is also required.
Treatment
Mild intoxication does not require treatment. In cases of moderate intoxication, the need for therapeutic measures is determined by changes in the activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Severe intoxication and alcoholic coma are an absolute indication for emergency medical care, which consists of the following:
- gastric lavage;
- taking enterosorbents;
- detoxification therapy;
- if necessary, drugs to stimulate cardiac and respiratory activity;
- for hypertension, tachycardia - beta-blockers;
- parenteral administration of oxidizing agents.
Prevention
The main preventive measure for the development of alcohol intoxication, which entails a sharp deterioration in well-being, is to avoid drinking excessive amounts of alcohol in a short period of time, on an empty stomach.
Consequences and complications
The consequences of alcohol intoxication are not as harmless as is commonly believed. Among them:
- development of chronic alcoholism;
- acute alcohol poisoning;
- toxic hepatitis;
- acute liver failure;
- acute renal failure;
- acute pancreatitis;
- delirium tremens (“delirium tremens”);
- alcoholic coma;
- pathological intoxication;
- alcoholic psychosis;
- alcoholic polyneuropathy;
- epileptic syndrome;
- alcoholic encephalopathy.
Video from YouTube on the topic of the article:
Alcohol intoxication is a transient state that develops against the background of drinking alcohol-containing drinks. It is usually provoked by the psychoactive influence of ethanol and is a combination of several symptoms containing changes in physiological, mental and neurological reactions.
- Lung is defined when the concentration of ethanol in the blood is up to 1.5%. Characteristics of this stage are a surge of strength, a rise in mood and the onset of mild euphoria. The person becomes very sociable and emotionally excited. But at small doses, there is a violation of concentration, which entails serious negative consequences in the case of performing precise work, when driving vehicles or precision mechanisms.
- Moderate intoxication is diagnosed when the concentration of ethanol in the blood is up to 2.5%. At this stage, some irritability, anger and aggressive reactions appear. This effect is called dysphoric inebriation. A person's coordination of movements changes greatly, and mental arousal gives way to lethargy and drowsiness.
- The serious condition causes ethanol concentration from 2.5% and above. At this stage, a neurological disorder is observed, characterized by disturbances in orientation in space and time. The functioning of the vestibular apparatus malfunctions, depression of consciousness is observed, the pulse slows down and respiratory disorders occur, which often leads to complete unconsciousness.
Diagnostics
Severe intoxication is considered to be the degree when the amount of alcohol in the blood exceeds 2.5%. External signs of alcohol intoxication:
Severe intoxication is extremely dangerous for the drunk, although sometimes it can be extremely scary for others. In this state, any situation is perceived fragmentarily, speech becomes incoherent, stupor can quickly turn into deep sleep and coma.
Signs of a coma in a patient:
- decrease in body temperature;
- clammy and cold skin;
- increased muscle tone is replaced by hypotension;
- facial redness;
- conjunctival hyperemia;
- cyanosis;
- constriction of the pupils, which is replaced by their dilation and loss of the light reflex;
- slow breathing;
- rapid pulse;
- increased blood pressure, which most often gives way to collapse;
- decreased pain threshold.
The main causes of death in patients with acute alcohol poisoning are:
- hypothermia followed by freezing of the limbs;
- mechanical asphyxia;
- acute heart failure;
- collapse.
When examining a drunk, the doctor must correctly identify and describe the symptoms of the phenomenon in medical reports, which has legal significance subsequently. If there are doubts, it is advisable to carry out procedures to determine the Rappoport reaction or use a Mokhov-Shinkarenko indicator tube. It is customary to indicate the following types of conclusions in regulatory documents:
- sober, but there are functional impairments that require removal from work with a source of increased danger for health reasons;
- alcohol intoxication;
- alcoholic coma;
- a state of intoxication caused by narcotic or other substances.
As a rule, making a diagnosis does not cause difficulties, but incorrect assessment of the accompanying pathology occurs quite often. It is important to conduct a thorough medical examination of each patient in a state of alcohol intoxication to check for possible injuries associated with poisoning. Particular attention is paid to the presence of bruises, nosebleeds, abrasions in the head area or uneven pupil size.
In practice, there are often cases where the cause of coma in mildly intoxicated individuals is severe traumatic brain injury. A prolonged coma and a small amount of alcohol in the blood should cause particular caution.
In addition, in a state of intoxication, apoplectic coma often develops due to hemorrhage in the brain. It can be diagnosed based on the presence of sticky skin, facial flushing, intermittent breathing, the presence of a thready pulse and a decrease in blood pressure. With apoplectic coma, the face becomes purple, breathing is hoarse, one cheek begins to “sail”, the nasolabial fold is smoothed out and other symptoms of organic damage to the central nervous system are revealed.
Emergency medical care is necessary for patients who are moderately or severely intoxicated. In the first case, the stomach is washed out, vomiting is artificially induced, water with ammonia is given to drink, and then caffeine - sodium benzoate - is injected intravenously.
When diagnosing a severe degree, it is necessary to exclude somatic complications, and then begin the sobering procedure. To bring a person out of intoxication, his stomach is washed using a thick probe with small portions of heated water with the addition of sodium bicarbonate.
In a state of alcoholic coma, the root of the tongue may sink, which closes the entrance to the larynx. Then an air duct is inserted into the patient’s mouth, and mucus from the pharyngeal cavity is sucked out with a special device to ensure free flow of air into the body.
When vascular tone and blood pressure decrease, it is necessary to inject Polyglucin and isotonic sodium chloride solution through a vein. An excellent detoxification effect can also be obtained from intravenous drip administration of a heated mixture of Hemodez, isotonic sodium chloride solution, vitamins B1, B12 and ascorbic acid.
In extreme cases, when diagnosing alcohol intoxication, you can rub both of the patient's ears quickly and forcefully. This ensures a rush of blood to the patient's head, which brings him to consciousness and he gains the ability to speak. Then you can move on to complex medicinal procedures.
If coma develops, they immediately give thiamine chloride, glucose solution and begin. Such a patient requires urgent hospitalization in intensive care.
Actions at home
Almost everyone has experienced the consequences of a luxurious feast and wondered about providing help for intoxication.
The most accessible means for removing alcohol from the blood are always at hand:
- Activated carbon. It is enough to take 5-6 tablets of the drug with a large amount of heated water so that the main amount of alcohol in the blood is neutralized.
- Drink plenty of fluids is an excellent emergency remedy.
It is important that it is not coffee, but, if possible, green tea, which perfectly cleanses the blood and gives strength.
- Milk is an excellent cleanser of alcohol breakdown products, removes toxins well naturally and is suitable for giving strength to the body in the fight against ethanol poisoning.
- Honey has a diuretic effect, effectively neutralizes toxins and removes poisons from the body. The solution is prepared at the rate of one tablespoon per glass of water and taken every half hour.
- Any kind of brine, especially cabbage helps to quickly remove alcohol from the blood. This drink is able to quickly neutralize the poisons of alcohol and remove its breakdown products from the blood.
- Chicken bouillon works well to relieve symptoms of alcohol intoxication; you need to drink it in large quantities and with the addition of cumin.
The most effective and simplest way to help with alcohol intoxication occurs on an instinctive level. If a person drinks a lot of alcohol, but he is not an experienced alcoholic, then when intoxicated, symptoms of alcohol intoxication such as nausea and vomiting occur, which help the natural removal of excess poison from the body. If the natural mechanism does not work, then you need to artificially induce vomiting by drinking a large volume of water and pressing on the root of the tongue.
A particularly effective way to sober up is the flow of fresh air, so it’s good to be outside more and breathe deeply.
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