High diesel fuel consumption: reasons. Specific fuel consumption Fuel consumption of domestic and foreign tractors: it’s all in the model
4.1. Fuel consumption standards for general purpose vehicles
Fuel consumption standards can be established for each model, brand and modification of vehicles in use and correspond to certain operating conditions of motor vehicles according to their classification and purpose. The standards include the fuel consumption required for the transport process. Fuel consumption for technical, garage and other internal economic needs not directly related to the technological process of transporting passengers and cargo is not included in the standards (in the tables) and is established separately.
The following types of standards have been established for general purpose vehicles:
-basic rate in liters per 100 km(l/100 km) mileage of a motor vehicle (AV) in running order;
-transport norm in liters per 100 km(l/100 km) mileage during transport work;
-bus, where the curb weight and the nominal passenger load normalized for the purpose of the bus are taken into account;
-dump truck, where the curb weight and normalized loading of the dump truck are taken into account (with a coefficient of 0.5);
The transport norm in liters per 100 ton-kilometers (l/100 tkm) when carrying out the transport work of a truck takes into account fuel consumption additional to the basic norm when driving a vehicle with cargo, a road train with a trailer or semi-trailer without cargo and with cargo, or using previously established coefficients for each ton of transported cargo, the weight of a trailer or semi-trailer - up to 1.3 l/100 km and up to 2.0 l/100 km for cars, respectively, with diesel and gasoline engines - or using accurate calculations performed using a special program -methodology directly for each specific brand, modification and type of vehicle.
Basic rate fuel consumption depends on the design of the car, its units and systems, the category, type and purpose of the automobile rolling stock (cars, buses, trucks, etc.), on the type of fuel used, takes into account the weight of the car in running order, the typical route and driving mode under operating conditions within the limits of the “Road Rules”.
Transport norm(standard for transport work) includes the basic standard and depends either on the carrying capacity, or on the standardized load of passengers, or on the specific mass of the cargo being transported.
Operating standard is established at the place of operation of the vehicle on the basis of the basic or transport standard using correction factors (surcharges) taking into account local operating conditions, according to the formulas given in this document.
Fuel consumption standards per 100 km of vehicle mileage are set in the following measurements:
For gasoline and diesel cars - in liters of gasoline or diesel fuel;
For vehicles running on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) - in liters of LPG at the rate of 1 liter of gasoline corresponds to “1.32 liters of LPG, no more” (recommended rate within 1.22±0.10 liters of LPG to 1 liter of gasoline, depending on the properties of the propane-butane mixture);
For vehicles running on compressed natural gas (CNG) - in normal cubic meters of CNG, at the rate of 1 liter of gasoline corresponds to 1±0.1 m of CNG (depending on the properties of natural gas);
For gas-diesel vehicles, the consumption rate of compressed natural gas is indicated in m3 with a simultaneous indication of the diesel fuel consumption rate in liters; their ratio is determined by the manufacturer of the equipment (or in the operating instructions).
Accounting for road transport, climatic and other operational factors is carried out using correction factors (surcharges), regulated in the form of percentage increases or decreases in the initial value of the norm (their values are established by order or order of the management of the enterprise operating the vehicle, or the local administration).
Fuel consumption rates increase under the following conditions.
1. Operation of vehicles in the winter season, depending on the climatic regions of the country - from 5% to 20% (inclusive - and further in the text for all upper limit values of the coefficients).
2. Operation of vehicles on public roads (I, II and III categories) in mountainous areas, including cities, towns and suburban areas, at an altitude above sea level:
from 300 to 800 m - up to 5% (lower mountains);
from 801 to 2000 m - up to 10% (mid-mountain);
from 2001 to 3000 m - up to 15% (highlands);
over 3000 m - up to 20% (highlands).
3. Operation of vehicles on public roads of categories I, II and III with a complex layout (outside cities and suburban areas), where on average there are more than five curves (turns) with a radius of less than 40 m per 1 km (or per 100 km of track - about 500) - up to 10%, on public roads of categories IV and V - up to 30%.
4. Operation of motor transport in cities with the population:
over 3 million people - up to 25%;
from 1 to 3 million people - up to 20%;
from 250 thousand to 1 million people - up to 15%;
from 100 to 250 thousand people - up to 10%;
Up to 100 thousand people in cities, urban settlements and other large settlements (if there are controlled intersections, traffic lights or other traffic signs) - up to 5%.
5. Operation of vehicles requiring frequent technological stops associated with loading and unloading, boarding and disembarking passengers, including route taxis - buses, passenger-and-passenger and small-class trucks, pickup trucks, station wagons, etc., including transportation of products and small cargo, servicing mailboxes, cash collection, servicing pensioners, disabled people, sick people, etc. (if there is an average of more than one stop per 1 km of travel; stops at traffic lights, intersections and crossings are not taken into account) - up to 10%.
6. Transportation of non-standard, large-sized, heavy, dangerous goods, cargo in glass, etc., movement in convoys and accompanied, and other similar cases:
With a reduced average vehicle speed of 20...40 km/h - up to 15%;
With a reduced average speed below 20 km/h - up to 35%.
7. When running in new cars and those that have undergone major repairs, (mileage is determined by the manufacturer of the equipment) - up to 10%.
8. When transporting cars centrally:
On your own in a single state or in a column - up to 10%;
When driving and towing vehicles in a paired state - up to 15%;
When hauling and towing in a assembled state - up to 20%.
9. For vehicles in use:
More than 5 years with a total mileage of more than 100 thousand km - up to 5%;
More than 8 years with a total mileage of more than 150 thousand km - up to 10%.
10. When operating trucks, vans, cargo taxis, etc. excluding the mass of transported cargo, as well as when vehicles operate as technological transport, including work inside the enterprise - up to 10%.
11. When operating special vehicles (patrol vehicles, filming vehicles, repair vehicles, aerial platforms, forklifts, etc.) performing the transport process during maneuvering, at low speeds, with frequent stops, reversing, etc. - up to 20%.
12. When working in quarries, when moving across a field, when removing timber, etc. on horizontal sections of roads of categories IV and V:
For vehicles in running order without cargo - up to 20%;
For vehicles with a full or partial vehicle load - up to 40%.
13. When working in extreme climatic and difficult road conditions during seasonal thaw, snow or sand drifts, heavy snowfall and ice, floods and other natural disasters:
for roads of I, II and III categories - up to 35%;
14. During training driving:
on public roads - up to 20%;
at specially designated training areas, when maneuvering at low speeds, with frequent stops and reversing - up to 40%.
15. When using an air conditioner or climate control system while driving a car - up to 7% of the basic norm.
16. When using an air conditioner in a parking lot, the standard fuel consumption is set based on one hour of inactivity with the engine running, the same in the parking lot when using the climate control unit (regardless of the time of year) for one hour of inactivity with the engine running - up to 10% from the basic norm.
17. When vehicles are idle for loading or unloading at points where, according to safety conditions or other applicable rules, it is prohibited to turn off the engine (oil depots, special warehouses, the presence of cargo that does not allow cooling of the body, banks and other objects), as well as in other cases of forced downtime car with the engine running - up to 10% of the base rate for one hour of inactivity.
18. In the winter or cold (with an average daily temperature below +5°C) season, in parking lots when it is necessary to start and warm up cars and buses (if there are no independent heaters), as well as in parking lots waiting for passengers (including for medical vehicles and when transporting children), standard fuel consumption is established based on one hour of parking (idle time) with the engine running - up to 10% of the basic norm.
19. It is allowed on the basis of an order from the head of an enterprise or an order from the leadership of a local administration:
For internal garage trips and technical needs of motor transport enterprises (technical inspections, adjustment work, running-in of engine parts and other vehicle components after repairs, etc.), increase the standard fuel consumption to 1% of the total amount consumed by this enterprise (with justification and taking into account the actual number of vehicles used in these works);
For brands and modifications of cars that do not have significant design changes compared to the base model (with the same technical characteristics of the engine, gearbox, final drive, tires, wheel arrangement, body) and do not differ from the base model in curb weight, set the basic fuel consumption rate in the same sizes as for the base model;
For brands and modifications of cars that do not have the design changes listed above, but differ from the base model only in their own weight (when installing vans, awnings, additional equipment, armor, etc.), fuel consumption rates can be determined:
For every ton of increase (decrease) in the vehicle's own weight with an increase (decrease) at the rate of up to 2 l/100 km for cars with gasoline engines, at the rate of up to 1.3 l/100 km - with diesel engines, at the rate of up to 2.64 l/100 km for vehicles running on liquefied gas, at the rate of up to 2 m 3 /100 km for vehicles running on compressed natural gas;
With the gas-diesel engine process, approximately up to 1.2 m of natural gas and up to 0.25 l/100 km of diesel fuel, based on each ton of change in the vehicle’s own weight.
Fuel consumption rates may decrease.
1. When working on public roads of categories I, II and III outside the suburban area on flat, slightly hilly terrain (altitude up to 300 m above sea level) - up to 15%.
2. In the case when vehicles are operated in a suburban area outside the city boundaries, correction (urban) coefficients are not applied.
If it is necessary to apply several surcharges simultaneously, the fuel consumption rate is set taking into account the sum or difference of these surcharges.
In addition to the normalized gas consumption, the consumption of gasoline or diesel fuel for gas-cylinder vehicles is allowed in the following cases:
For entering and leaving the repair zone after technical work - up to 5 liters of liquid fuel per gas-cylinder vehicle;
To start and operate the engine of a gas-cylinder car - up to 20 liters of liquid fuel per month per car in the summer and spring-autumn seasons; in winter, winter allowances are additionally taken into account in accordance with section 4.3;
On routes whose length exceeds the range of one gas filling,
Up to 25% of total fuel consumption on specified routes.
In all of these cases, the rationing of liquid fuel consumption for gas-cylinder vehicles is carried out in the same amounts as for the corresponding base vehicles.
Taking into account possible changes and diversity of operating conditions for automotive vehicles, changes of a man-made, natural and climatic nature, the condition of roads, features of the transportation of goods and passengers, etc., in case of production necessity, it is possible to clarify or introduce separate correction factors (surcharges) to the standards fuel consumption by order of the leadership of local regional administrations and other departments - with appropriate justification and in agreement with the Ministry of Transport of Russia.
For the period of validity of the document “Consumption standards for fuels and lubricants in motor transport” for models, brands and modifications of motor vehicles entering the vehicle fleet of a country for which the Ministry of Transport of Russia has not approved fuel consumption standards (not included in these consumption standards), heads of local regional administrations and enterprises can put into effect by their order standards developed on individual applications in the prescribed manner by scientific organizations that develop such standards using a special program-method.
FOR PASSENGER CARS the normalized value of fuel consumption is calculated according to the following ratio:
Where Qh- standard fuel consumption, l;
Hs- basic fuel consumption per vehicle mileage,
S- vehicle mileage, km;
D
Example. From the waybill it was established that the GAZ-24-10 taxi car, operating in mountainous areas at an altitude of 500 - 1500 m, covered a distance of 244 km.
Initial data:
The basic standard for the GAZ-24-10 passenger car is Hs= 13.0 l/100 km;
The allowance for work in mountainous areas at an altitude of 500 to 1500 m above sea level is D = 5%.
FOR BUSES The normalized fuel consumption value is determined similarly to passenger cars. If standard independent heaters are used on a bus in winter, fuel consumption for the operation of the heater is taken into account in the total standardized fuel consumption as follows:
,
(2)
Where Qh
Hs- basic fuel consumption per bus mileage,
l/100 km or m/100 km;
S- bus mileage, km;
Nfrom- rate of fuel consumption for operation of the heater or heaters, l/hour;
T- operating time of the vehicle with the heater on, hour;
D - correction factor (total relative increase or decrease) to the norm as a percentage.
Example. From the waybill it was established that the Ikarus-280.33 city bus operated in the city in winter using standard Sirokko-268 cabin heaters together with Sirokko-262 (trailer heater), covered a mileage of 164 km, with an operating time on the line of 8 hours.
Initial data:
The basic mileage rate for the Ikarus-280.33 city bus is Hs= 43.0 l/100 km;
The bonus for working in winter is D = 10%;
The fuel consumption rate for operating the Sirokko-268 heater together with Sirokko-262 is Nfrom=3.5 l/hour.
Standardized fuel consumption is:
FOR FLASHBOARD TRUCKS OR ROAD TRAINS
,(3)
Where QH- standard fuel consumption, in liters or m3;
S
Hsav- fuel consumption rate per road train mileage,
HsaV =Hs +Hg· GGp, l/100 km or m/100 km,
Hs- basic fuel consumption rate for vehicle mileage, l/100 km or m/100 km;
HsaV =Hs- for a single car, tractor, l/100 km or m 3 /100 km;
Hg- fuel consumption rate for the additional weight of a trailer or semi-trailer, l/100 tkm or m/100 tkm);
Hw- rate of fuel consumption for transport work,
l/100 tkm or m/100 tkm;
W- volume of transport work, W= GGp SGp, t km;
Gsp- cargo mass, t;
SGp- mileage with load, km;
GPp- dead weight of the trailer or semi-trailer, t;
D- correction factor (total relative
increase or decrease) to the norm as a percentage.
For cargo flatbed vehicles and road trains performing work counted in ton-kilometers, in addition to the basic norm, fuel consumption rate increases(calculated in liters per ton of cargo per 100 km) depending on the type of fuel used:
for gasoline - up to 2 liters;
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) - up to 2.64 l;
compressed natural gas (CNG) - up to 2 m;
with gas-diesel power, approximately up to 1.2 m 3 of natural gas and up to 0.25 liters of diesel fuel.
When operating flatbed trucks, tractors with trailers and truck tractors with semi-trailers, fuel consumption rate (l/100 km) for the mileage of a road train increases(calculated in liters per ton of trailers and semi-trailers’ own weight) depending on the type of fuel:
gasoline - up to 2 liters;
diesel fuel - up to 1.3 l;
liquefied gas - up to 2.64 l;
natural gas - up to 2 m;
Example 1. From the waybill it was established that a single ZIL-431410 on-board vehicle with a total mileage of 217 km performed transport work in the amount of 820 tkm under operating conditions that did not require the use of surcharges or their reduction.
Initial data:
The basic rate of fuel consumption per mileage for an onboard vehicle ZIL-43141 is Hs= 31.0 l/100 km;
The rate of gasoline consumption for the transportation of payload is Hw= 2.0 l/100 tkm.
Standardized fuel consumption is:
Example 2. From the waybill it was established that a single KamAZ-53215 on-board vehicle with a KamAZ-740.11 engine with a total mileage of 1000 km along the Bryansk-Moscow-Bryansk route transported cargo weighing 3.5 tons from Moscow to Bryansk in winter operating conditions.
Initial data:
The basic fuel consumption per mileage for a KamAZ-53215 onboard vehicle with a KamAZ-740.11 engine is Hs= 24.5 l/100 km;
The rate of diesel fuel consumption for the transportation of payload is Hw= 1.3 l/100 tkm.
Allowances for work in winter in the Bryansk region D= 10 percent.
Standardized fuel consumption is:
Example 3. From the waybill it was established that the KamAZ-5320 on-board vehicle with the GKB-8350 trailer performed 6413 tkm of transport work in winter conditions on mountain roads at an altitude of 1501 to 2000 meters and made a total mileage of 475 km.
Initial data:
The basic fuel consumption per mileage for an onboard KamAZ-5320 vehicle is Hs= 25.0 l/100 km;
Hw= 1.3 l/100 tkm;
The fuel consumption rate for the additional weight of the trailer is Hg= 1.3 l/100 tkm;
Allowances for work in winter D= 10%, for work in mountain conditions at altitudes from 1501 to 2000 meters above sea level D= 10 percent, ∑ D=10+10=20%;
Weight of the equipped trailer GKB-8350 Gn.p.= 3.5 tons;
The fuel consumption rate for the mileage of a road train consisting of: a KamAZ-5320 vehicle with a GKB-8350 trailer is:
HsaV =Hs +Hg· Gn.p.= 25 +1.3· 3.5 = 29.55 l/100 km.
Normalized fuel consumption:
Example 4. From the waybill it was established that a KamAZ-53215 on-board vehicle with a KamAZ-740.11 engine with a GKB-8350 trailer, with a total mileage of 2000 km along the Kirov-Moscow-Kirov route, transported cargo weighing 3.5 tons from Moscow to Kirov in winter conditions on public roads of category II.
Initial data:
The basic fuel consumption rate per mileage for a KamAZ-53215 onboard vehicle with a KamAZ-740.11 engine was established by order of the head of the enterprise and is Hs= 24.5 l/100 km;
The fuel consumption rate for transporting a payload is Hw= 1.3 l/100 tkm;
The fuel consumption rate for the additional weight of the trailer is Hg= 1.3 l/100 tkm;
Weight of the equipped trailer GKB-8350 Gn.p.= 3.5 tons;
Allowances for work in winter in the Kirov region D = 12 %,
Reduced fuel consumption when working on public roads of category II D= -8%. Total ∑ D=12-8=4%;
Volume of transport work, W= GGp· SGp= 3.5·1000 =3500tkm;
The fuel consumption rate for the mileage of a road train consisting of: a KamAZ-53212 vehicle with a GKB-8350 trailer is:
HsaV =Hs +Hg· Gn.p.= 24.5 +1.3 · 3.5 = 29.05 l/100 km.
Normalized fuel consumption:
FOR TRUCK TRUCKS the normalized value of fuel consumption is determined similarly to on-board cargo vehicles.
Example. From the waybill it was established that the MAZ-5429 tractor-trailer with the MA3-5205A semi-trailer completed 9520 tkm of transport work while covering 595 km on a country road with an improved surface.
Initial data:
The basic fuel consumption per mileage for the MAZ-5429 tractor is Hs= 23.0 l/100 km;
The fuel consumption rate for transporting a payload is Hw= 1.3 l/100 tkm;
The fuel consumption rate for the additional weight of the semi-trailer is Hg= 1.3 l/100 tkm;
Weight of the equipped semi-trailer MAZ-5205A Gn.p.= 5.7 tons;
Winter work allowance D= 10%, reduction due to the movement of the road train on a country road with improved surface D= 15%; Total ∑ D=10-15= 5%;
The fuel consumption rate for the mileage of a road train consisting of a MAZ-5429 tractor with a MAZ-5205A semi-trailer is:
HsaV =Hs +Hg· Gn.p.= 23 +1.3· 5.7 = 30.41 l/100 km.
Normalized fuel consumption:
FOR TIPPER VEHICLES AND TIPPER TRAINS the normalized value of fuel consumption is determined by the following relationship:
,
(4)
Where Hmyself- fuel consumption rate of a dump truck train,
Hmyself=Hs+Hw· (Gn.p.+ 0.5·q),l/100 km;
Hw- fuel consumption rate for the transport operation of a dump truck and for the additional weight of a trailer or semi-trailer, l/100 t km or m/100 t km;
Gn.p.- dead weight of the trailer, semi-trailer, t;
q- trailer load capacity, t;
Hs- basic fuel consumption rate of a dump truck, taking into account transport work, l/100 km;
S- mileage of a car or road train, km;
Hz- additional fuel consumption rate for each trip with a dump truck load, l;
Z - number of riders with cargo per shift;
D- correction factor (total relative increase or decrease) to the norm as a percentage.
When operating dump trucks with dump trailers, semi-trailers (if the basic rate is calculated for the vehicle, as for a truck tractor), the fuel consumption rate increases for each ton of the trailer's, semi-trailer's own weight and half of its rated load capacity (load factor - 0.5):
gasoline - up to 2 liters;
diesel fuel - up to 1.3 l;
liquefied gas - up to 2.64 l;
natural gas - up to 2 m.
For dump trucks and road trains, fuel consumption rates are additionally established. (Hz) for each trip with a load when maneuvering in loading and unloading areas:
up to 0.25 l of liquid fuel (up to 0.33 l of liquefied petroleum gas, up to 0.25 m of natural gas) per unit of dump rolling stock;
up to 0.2 m of natural gas and 0.1 liter of diesel fuel approximately when the engine is powered by gas and diesel.
For heavy-duty dump trucks of the BelAZ type, the additional diesel fuel consumption rate for each trip with a load is set at up to 1 liter.
In cases of operation of dump trucks with a payload coefficient above 0.5, it is allowed to normalize fuel consumption in the same way as for on-board vehicles.
Example 1. From the waybill it was established that the MAZ-510 dump truck traveled 165 km, making 10 trips with cargo. The work was carried out in winter in a quarry on a category IV road.
Initial data:
The basic fuel consumption rate for a MAZ-510 dump truck is Hs= 28.0 l/100 km;
The fuel consumption rate for dump trucks for each trip with a load is Hz= 0.25 l;
Winter work allowance D= 10%, for work in a quarry with a load D= 30%. Total ∑ D=10+30= 40%;
Normalized fuel consumption:
Example 2. From the waybill it was established that a KamAZ-5511 dump truck with a GKB-8527 dump trailer transported 13 tons of brick to a distance of 115 km, and transported 16 tons of crushed stone to a distance of 80 km in the opposite direction. The total mileage was 240 km.
Initial data:
The basic fuel consumption per mileage for a KamAZ-5511 vehicle is Hs= 34.0 l/100 km;
The fuel consumption rate for transporting a payload is Hw= 1.3 l/tkm;
The work was carried out under conditions that did not require the use of increases and decreases;
Weight of loaded dump trailer GKB-8527 Gn.p.= 4.5 tons;
Considering that the load factor is more than 0.5, the fuel consumption rate for the mileage of a road train consisting of a KamAZ-5511 vehicle with a GKB-8527 trailer is:
Hmyself=Hs+Hw· Gn.p.=34.0 +1.3 · 4.5 = 39.85 l/100 km;
Normalized fuel consumption:
FOR VANS(SPECIALIZED VEHICLES) performing work counted in ton-kilometers, the normalized fuel consumption value is determined similarly to on-board trucks.
For vans operating without taking into account the weight of the cargo being transported, the normalized value of fuel consumption is determined taking into account an increasing correction factor - up to 10% of the base norm.
Example. From the waybill it was established that the GZSA-37021 van truck (powered by liquefied petroleum gas), working at an hourly rate within the city with frequent stops, covered a distance of 152 km.
Initial data:
The basic fuel consumption rate for the mileage of the GZSA-37021 van is Hs= 34.0 l/100 km;
Work allowance, hourly rate D= 10%, surcharge for work with frequent technological stops D= 8%. Total ∑ D=10+8=18%;
Normalized fuel consumption:
FOR PASSENGER CARS AND MINIBUSES MANUFACTURED FOREIGN the normalized fuel consumption value is calculated similarly to Russian-made passenger cars using formula (1).
SPECIAL AND CUSTOMIZED VEHICLES with equipment installed on them are divided into two groups:
Vehicles performing work during the parking period (firefighting truck cranes, tank trucks, compressor, drilling rigs, etc.);
Vehicles performing repair, construction and other work while moving (aerial platforms, cable laying machines, concrete mixers, etc.).
The standard fuel consumption (l) for special vehicles performing the main work during the parking period is determined as follows:
Where Hsc- individual fuel consumption rate for the mileage of a special vehicle, l/100 km (in cases where a special vehicle is also intended to transport cargo, the individual rate is calculated taking into account the performance of transport work: H" sc =Hsc +Hw· W;
NT- rate of fuel consumption for the operation of special equipment, l/hour or liters for the operation performed (filling the tank, etc.);
S- car mileage;
T- equipment operating time, hour or number of operations performed;
∑D- total relative increase or decrease to the norm, percentage (when operating equipment, only allowances for work in winter and in mountainous areas are applied). Standard fuel consumption for special vehicles performing work while moving is determined as follows:
Where Hsc- individual fuel consumption rate per mileage
special vehicle, l/100 km;
S" - mileage of the special vehicle to the place of work and back, km;
Hs" - fuel consumption rate per mileage when performing special work while traveling, l/100 km;
S" - vehicle mileage when performing special work while moving, km;
HSD- additional fuel consumption rate for spreading sand or mixture per body, l;
N- the number of bodies of scattered sand or mixture per shift.
For vehicles on which special equipment is installed, fuel consumption standards for mileage (for movement) are established based on fuel consumption standards developed for basic car models, taking into account changes in the weight of the special vehicle.
Fuel consumption standards for special vehicles performing housing and communal services are determined according to the standards of the Housing and Communal Services Department of the Gosstroy of Russia (K. D. Pamfilov Academy of Public Utilities).
Example. From the waybill it was established that the KS-4571 truck crane based on the KrAZ-257 vehicle, which had been overhauled, covered a distance of 127 km. The operating time of special equipment for moving cargo was 6.8 hours.
Initial data:
The basic fuel consumption per mileage for the KS-4571 truck crane is Hsc= 52 l/100 km;
The fuel consumption rate for operating special equipment installed on a vehicle is NT= 8.4 l/100 km;
Allowance for the first thousand km driven by a car after major repairs D = 5 %.
Normalized fuel consumption.
Heating a country house with diesel fuel is a profitable alternative heating option that is extremely popular among Russian consumers. One of the reasons for the increased demand is the low fuel consumption in a diesel heating boiler.
Diesel fuel heat generators are a good alternative to solid fuel and gas boiler equipment, of course, provided that the boiler is properly adjusted and operates without disturbances.
Reasons for increased consumption of a diesel boiler
The average fuel consumption per day when heating with a 10 kW diesel boiler is 1 kg/hour. A deviation from the norm of 5-10% is allowed.There are several reasons why a diesel heating boiler consumes a lot of fuel:
- Incorrectly adjusted burner– during combustion, it is not the diesel fuel itself that is burned, but the fuel-air mixture. Complete afterburning of fuel occurs only with the correct proportions of diesel fuel and air. If the settings of the burner device are not made correctly, a large percentage of underburn will remain, which leads to overconsumption.
- Thickening of diesel fuel– in diesel fuel, as the ambient temperature decreases, the viscosity increases. If the work on installing the fuel pump and diesel fuel storage tanks is carried out incorrectly, excess consumption is guaranteed.
- Nozzle or injectors have failed. When diesel fuel is burned, a torch of flame is created. The fire enters the combustion chamber under pressure, which leads to the fact that from time to time the nozzle burns out. The need to replace the nozzle is indicated by a sharp increase in diesel fuel consumption.
- Natural causes– during severe frosts, fuel costs increase by 15-20% and vice versa, during a relatively warm heating period, diesel fuel consumption decreases.
There are several reasons for increased consumption that are not directly related to the operation of the boiler. Heat loss occurs due to a poorly insulated pipeline through which heated coolant is supplied to the room, intensive use of the second hot water circuit, etc.
How to calculate the average daily consumption of diesel fuel in a boiler
A simple calculation of fuel consumption is performed according to the formula, 1 kg of fuel = 10 kW. It turns out that to obtain thermal energy of 10 kW (sufficient to heat a residential building of 100 m²), you need to spend 1 kg of diesel fuel. The average daily amount of fuel consumed by a diesel boiler will accordingly be 24 kg.The specific consumption rate in professional conditions is calculated depending on the power of the burner device. Calculation formula: 0.1 × burner capacity. Cost calculations are performed for the entire heating season.
They do this as follows:
- Within an hour, a 10 kW boiler consumes 1 kg of diesel fuel.
- 24 kg are consumed per day.
- The average heating season lasts 100 days, and half the time the boiler will operate at 50% capacity. As a result of calculations, the actual consumption is equal to 5000 liters of fuel per year.
Causes concern when the difference in fuel consumption increases beyond 20%. If the minimum flow rate for a 10 kW unit has become 1.25-1.5 l/hour, an analysis of the heating system is carried out in order to find the reason for the increased costs.
How to reduce diesel fuel consumption in a diesel boiler
The diesel fuel consumption of a heating boiler depends on many factors. Understanding the causes of energy consumption and eliminating them is the key to reducing the amount of fuel burned.You can reduce diesel fuel consumption in the boiler in the following ways:
- Adjust the burner - most often, problems arise when installation work is carried out independently or with the involvement of unqualified specialists. To adjust most types of burners, special software is required. The work reduces fuel costs by 10%.
- Installation of room temperature sensors and weather-dependent automation. Control over the operation of the boiler through microprocessor automation connected to sensors installed in the rooms of a residential building and on the street reduces the volume of burned diesel fuel by another 10-15%.
The controller takes into account the actual heat needs of the room and the ambient temperature, and selects the optimal power of the burner. Weather-compensating automation eliminates the effect of temperature on fuel consumption. - Eliminate errors made during installation. Containers with diesel fuel and a pump are well insulated. Installation of the storage facility is carried out exclusively in a heated room.
If a decision is made to construct underground storage facilities, the containers must be buried below the freezing level of the soil. The fuel line and heating system pipe (if it runs along the street or in the ground) are well insulated. - Select a heat generator equivalent to the heated area of the building. The relationship between power and energy consumption is especially obvious if you imagine the following ratio. To heat 200 m² of area, 48 kg of diesel fuel will be required, but when heating a smaller room (100 m²), there will be a significant overconsumption of at least 15%.
Fuel consumption rate is a value that reflects the average need for gasoline, gas or diesel fuel for various types of vehicles for a specific kilometer (usually based on the calculation of liters of fuel per 100 km of travel).
This value is relevant for companies that have several company cars. Company cars are all vehicles that are on the company’s balance sheet and are used by it for work.
In order to ensure the operation of the company's transport, it must be provided with gasoline. Providing fuel for company vehicles is the responsibility of the company and is reflected in accounting and tax entries.
Fuel consumption standards for a specific vehicle allow you to keep track of gasoline costs, control the drain or excessive consumption of fuel, and also write it off from the company’s accounts in accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation.
Why else are these indicators needed:
- for reporting;
- in order to determine the cost of a specific transportation and the cost of all transportation performed by official transport during a certain period of time;
- Based on these norms, taxation of enterprises is carried out;
- This is assistance in making payments to employees who use vehicles for business purposes.
In the “material expenses” column, the accountant must enter only the amount of fuel that is within the limit established by the law of the Russian Federation. If more fuel is consumed than normal, the accountant must enter the excess amount in the accounting column called “non-operating expenses.”
The standards for calculating the need for fuels and lubricants depend on the type of transport, the age of the machine and the conditions in which it operates.
The latest amendments to these standards were made back in 2015. For 2019, enterprises that have a fleet of vehicles can calculate fuel consumption independently, or taking into account the requirements of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.
The thing is that for 2018 it was indicated that the standards established by the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation are not mandatory, but only recommended. Therefore, an enterprise accountant can decide for himself how best to calculate fuel consumption.
This table is an abbreviated version. You can find a complete list of car brands in the fuel consumption standards for 2019, approved by the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.
In order to find out the standard fuel consumption values for a specific car, you need to know the type of transport (passenger car, truck, tractor or special purpose). After this, you need to open the desired table and find the exact make of the car (gasoline consumption rates for a specific car have already been calculated for you).
If an increasing premium can be applied to a vehicle due to its operational characteristics, it is added to the gasoline/gas/diesel consumption rate.
How is fuel consumption calculated in 2019?
Fuel consumption for an enterprise can be calculated independently, but when checking by inspection bodies, it is best to say that the enterprise takes into account the recommendations of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, but wants to independently calculate this indicator due to the specifics of the vehicles.
Thus, we find out how much gasoline a car needs to travel 100 km.
It must be recalled that this value may differ slightly in winter and summer, as well as in cases where the car is driven in mountainous areas or on good roads.
Example: a driver drove 3350 km from point A to point B. During the journey he burned 700 liters of gasoline.
In order to find out how much gasoline he needs for 100 km of travel, you need to do the following: 700 / 3350 * 100 = 20.9 liters.
It should be noted that for a more accurate calculation of gasoline consumption, another, more complex formula is used:
Explanation: in this formula, the fuel standard is indicated for the KAMAZ vehicle brand; for other brands of vehicles, this formula can also be used, taking as a basis the indicators for a specific vehicle brand.
To be sure, you can compare the figure you got with the figure given in the fuel consumption standards.
The procedure for writing off gasoline in 2019
Cases of application of increasing premiums
In some cases, to account for fuel use, not standard standards are used, but increased surcharges.
Specific cases in which increased premiums are used:
- Winter season. In the winter season, a car uses more fuel, so the standards for calculating it increase from 5 to 20%.
Each region of the Russian Federation has its own premium percentage and a certain duration of its validity (all this can be found in the prescribed standards). - Operating the machine in mountainous areas: the surcharge ranges from 5 to 20% (depending on the position of the terrain relative to sea level).
- Features of city roads: the premium ranges from 5 to 25% (depending on the number of residents living in a particular city of the Russian Federation).
- For urban transport, the surcharge also ranges from 5 to 25%.
In addition, the more years the car is in operation, the larger the surcharge is applied to calculate the fuel consumption rate. So, if the mileage of the car is more than 100 thousand km, and the service life of the car is more than five years, the fuel consumption rate can be increased by 5%.
The fuel consumption rate is a value that is necessary for many enterprises, because almost every second enterprise has a company vehicle on its account.
Learn about the calculation of fuel consumption and the formula for the cost of fuel for a trip from the video.
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1 gram per kilowatt hour [g/kWh] = 0.735498750000001 gram per metric horsepower hour [g/hp h)]
Initial value
Converted value
joule per kilogram kilocalorie per kilogram international calorie per gram thermochemical calorie per gram brit. thermochemical unit (int.) per British pound. thermochemical unit (therm.) per pound kilogram per joule kilogram per kilojoule gram per international calorie gram per thermochemical calorie pound per brit. term. unit (int.) pound per brit. term. unit (therm) pound per horsepower-hour grams per metric horsepower-hour grams per kilowatt-hour
Volume charge density
Read more about specific heat of combustion by mass
General information
Specific heat of combustion by mass is energy measured relative to the mass of fuel burned. This article describes the energy obtained from the combustion of fuel and during metabolism in the body. For example, when a certain amount of hydrocarbon, such as propane, is burned, energy is released, which is measured as the specific heat of combustion. In the SI system, this quantity is measured in joules per kilogram, J/kg. The specific heat of combustion by mass is most often calculated for the heat obtained from the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, although it can also be calculated from the combustion of any other fuel. Methane and butane are examples of hydrocarbons.
Oxygen is required for fuel combustion. Most often, oxygen from the surrounding air is used. During the combustion of fuel, heat is released, and water and carbon dioxide are by-products of combustion. Carbon dioxide is harmful to the environment, which is why energy from alternative sources, without the use of combustion, is being developed so widely. Water, on the contrary, is a useful by-product. Animals, such as camels, use fat not only as a source of energy, but also as an internal source of moisture necessary for the body, since its combustion produces water.
Measurement of specific heat of combustion
The specific heat of combustion can be measured in a calorimeter - an instrument designed to measure the heat generated. The bomb calorimeter is one such instrument, most often used to measure the energy produced by the combustion of fuel. It consists of: an isolated internal combustion chamber in which fuel is burned and which is sometimes called a bomb; devices for igniting fuel, mainly wire systems with an electric igniter; and a sealed outer chamber in which the water is heated. The temperature of this water is measured to determine the amount of energy released when the fuel burns.
Application: specific heat of combustion of fuel
People depend on fuel in everyday life, since without fuel it is impossible to cook food, heat and cool rooms, operate equipment and transport, lighting, and so on. At the moment, most of the fuel is hydrocarbons. Knowing their specific heat of combustion by mass, it is possible to determine which types of fuel are more economical. The more energy is generated when a certain amount of fuel is burned, the more economical it is.
Vehicles carry the fuel they need on board, which in turn increases their weight and, accordingly, fuel costs. For each vehicle there are restrictions on the amount of cargo weight, so the more economical the fuel, the less it is spent on its own movement, and the more fuel can be loaded into this vehicle. For airplanes and ships with air wings, it is especially important that the fuel releases as much energy as possible when burning a unit of mass.
Weight restrictions on airplanes
On airplanes, the main fuel tanks are located in the wings. If more fuel is needed, it is poured into tanks in the fuselage. Often, due to weight restrictions, only the fuel required for a given route is taken on a flight. The remaining free space is used for cargo and passengers. Typically, routes are planned so that the aircraft does not need to stop along the way to refuel. That is, in most cases, the maximum duration of the route is determined by the maximum possible amount of fuel on board. Limitations on the overall weight of cargo and the need to carry fuel determine the baggage weight restrictions adopted by airlines. For the same reason, most passengers have to pay for excess luggage or extra suitcases. Usually the plane is refueled for a one-way flight, but sometimes, due to the high price of fuel at some airports, it is more profitable for airlines to refuel for a round trip - in these cases, baggage weight restrictions are especially strictly enforced.
Freight transportation
Weight calculation of aircraft is especially important when transporting large cargo, especially for aircraft designed to transport spacecraft. A spacecraft is usually very heavy, which means it is necessary to carry enough fuel on board to travel a given distance.
At the moment, the largest transport aircraft capable of transporting spacecraft is the An-225 Mriya, built in the USSR and now owned by a Ukrainian airline Antonov Airlines. Initially, it carried the Buran spacecraft, but after the collapse of the USSR, Buran flights were no longer planned, and there was no longer a need for its transportation. From 1994 to 2000, the An-225 was not used, but in 2000 it was restored and the aircraft was modified so that it meets international safety standards. Since 2001, it has been used to transport large cargo. The An-225 weighs 250 tons without cargo, and can carry up to 300 tons of cargo. The maximum take-off weight of this aircraft is 640 tons, including the weight of the aircraft itself. That is, it can be loaded with 640 – 250 – 300 = 90 tons of cargo with full fuel tanks. For comparison, if the An-225 carried passengers, then 50 tons of these 90 would be occupied by 500 passengers with luggage (based on 100 kg per passenger and his luggage). Full fuel tanks are not always needed. With the minimum amount of fuel required for short distances, the An-225 can be loaded with up to 250 tons of cargo.
At the moment, the heaviest cargo carried by the An-225 was 4 tanks, which in total weighed 254 tons. With such a load, it can fly a distance of 1,000 kilometers, with 640 – 254 – 300 = 86 tons of fuel. Now there is only one such aircraft, the second copy is unfinished. The An-225 has transported many interesting and useful cargo, such as food and other humanitarian aid for victims of natural disasters, food and supplies for the military, locomotives, generators, wind turbines, and other large and heavy cargo.
Passenger aircraft
In a similar way, you can also calculate the weight of cargo that passenger aircraft can carry. For example, the Boeing 777-236/ER in the photo weighs 138 tons without cargo. It can lift up to 298 tons at takeoff. It accommodates 440 passengers, that is, at maximum load, passengers and their luggage weigh 400 × 100 kg = 40,000 kg or 40 tons. For fuel and additional luggage, 298 – 40 – 138 = 120 tons remain.
Fuel consumption in this aircraft varies during the flight itself and from flight to flight, depending on the type of flight, the overall weight, which changes as fuel is burned, and other reasons. A very rough estimate of fuel consumption for a Boeing 777-236/ER is 8,000 kilograms or 8 tons of fuel per hour. This means that if there are 440 passengers on board and the rest of the space is occupied by fuel, then the plane can fly for up to 15 hours. Let's check the accuracy of our calculations on the Boeing website. There, the 777-236/ER is described as an aircraft that can fly up to 14,310 kilometers or about 8,892 miles. Its cruising speed is 905 km/h (562 mph), meaning it can fly for 14,310 / 905 = 15.8 hours. This value is quite close to our result.
For comparison, an intercontinental flight between London and New York is approximately 7 hours. Currently, one of the longest flights is between Singapore and Newark (New Jersey). This flight takes 18 hours 50 minutes, but has been canceled since December 2013.
Another example of fuel weight calculations is for the Airbus A310. The photo shows his passenger cabin during the flight Montreal, Canada - Paris, France. The aircraft is smaller than the Boeing 777-236/ER, measuring 46.66 meters or 153 feet and one inch in length (compared to 63.7 meters or 209 feet and one inch). Its height is 15.80 meters or 51 feet and 10 inches (the length of the Boeing is 18.5 meters or 60 feet and 9 inches). The maximum take-off weight is 150 tons, and the weight of the aircraft without fuel is 113 tons. That is, this plane can take on board an additional 150 – 113 = 37 tons of cargo. It has up to 220 passenger seats, that is, when fully loaded, passengers and their luggage weigh 220 × 100 kg = 22,000 kg or 22 tons. This leaves 37 – 22 = 15 tons of weight for fuel. The website of the company that builds Airbus planes states that the maximum weight of cargo (passengers + luggage) can be up to 21.6 tons, that is, almost the weight that we got in our calculations for passengers and luggage. With a full load and full fuel tanks, this aircraft has no room for additional weight, so passenger baggage restrictions for these aircraft are strictly enforced.
The maximum permissible weight is specified in the operating instructions and the aircraft must not be loaded with cargo exceeding this permissible weight, as this is dangerous. The heavier the plane, the more the airline pays for that plane to use the airport, so airlines sometimes limit the maximum cargo weight even further.
Hydrofoils
Weight is an important quantity not only for airplanes, but also for hydrofoils. Such vessels are similar in design to ordinary sea and river vessels and can float on the surface of the water, but they move according to the principle of airplane movement, that is, they “fly” through the water. As the name suggests, hydrofoils remain underwater and create lift. In this case, the ship's hull rises above the water, which reduces drag, since air resistance is much lower than water resistance. Thanks to this, hydrofoil ships develop higher speeds than conventional ships.
The task of engineers developing new models is to reduce the weight of the body, while at the same time not reducing its strength. This increases the vessel's carrying capacity. To reduce weight, the body is often made from aluminum alloys.
The photo shows a hydrofoil of the “Voskhod” series, built at the Feodosia plant “More” in Crimea. This ship is located in Canada. It is intended for passenger transportation along rivers, lakes, and coastal waters. The maximum speed that Voskhod can reach is up to 65 km/h. Vessels in this series are among the most popular hydrofoils in the world, and the More plant produces them not only for local use, but also for a number of European countries, China, Vietnam and Thailand. In some countries, in particular in Cambodia, hydrofoils are being built according to the Voskhod project.
The most economical hydrofoils in terms of fuel consumption are those that use human muscle power. That is, the passenger becomes a source of energy, and, therefore, the weight of the fuel is zero. In order to keep such a vessel on the water, skill is required, but such vehicles are very popular due to their speeds of up to 30 km/h. They are especially popular with those who like to build their own models, as their design is quite simple, plans can be found on the Internet, and no special equipment is needed to build them.
Application: obtaining energy through metabolism
Food is a form of energy for the animal body
Energy is necessary for all living beings. It is produced during metabolism. This process is similar to burning fuel. Fire in the body does not burn, but similar to combustion, oxygen is needed to produce energy, and during this redox process water and carbon dioxide are released. This is why oxygen is necessary for all living organisms.
Energy in foods is found in carbohydrates and proteins (17 kJ/g), fats (38 kJ/g), and alcohol (30 kJ/g). Nutrients in food are metabolized into glucose, amino and fatty acids, after which the body converts them into energy that is easily absorbed by the body - the enzyme adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP moves throughout the body and carries energy to the cells that need this energy.
The specific heat of combustion for food is measured in joules per kilogram and also in calories per gram. The latter units are used more often. Typically this energy is measured in bomb calorimeters, where food is burned in a similar way to other fuels. This releases hydrocarbons and water - just like during metabolism.
Food with a high specific heat of combustion, that is, one that releases a greater amount of energy per unit mass of the product, is called high food energy density. With an increase in water and other low-calorie substances in the product, such as fiber, this density decreases. Fat, on the other hand, increases energy density because it contains more calories per gram than other food components. That is, the more fat there is in a product, the greater its specific heat of combustion by mass.
Energy consumption under extreme conditions
When creating a menu for hikes and other trips where food is carried by hand or carried on dogs, mules, and other animals, it is necessary to know the specific heat of combustion of the products. The smaller it is, the more energy received from this food, people or animals spend on moving this food. This is especially significant if these trips are long. Of course, in such situations the nutritional value of the product is also taken into account. If there is water on the route, they try to take with them dry or specially dried foods for these purposes, since they weigh much less than regular ones.
Researchers who work in the Arctic and Antarctic often transport food and other necessities on dogs, or carry them themselves, so it is especially important for them to know the specific heating value of products. This is also important because they require at least three times more calories than people under normal conditions. In cold weather, the body uses a huge amount of energy to maintain a constant body temperature. In addition, during expeditions in the Arctic and Antarctic, people experience greater physical stress than under normal conditions; This explains the additional energy costs. For these reasons, high energy density foods are taken on expeditions, such as chocolate (which contains a lot of fat and carbohydrates), butter, nuts and dried meat.
Some researchers believe that the 1912 Terra Nova expedition to the South Pole, led by Robert Falcon Scott, failed and five participants died because they incorrectly calculated the amount of calories they needed for each day and did not take with them enough food. It is also believed that they made a mistake with the choice of foods, choosing food with a specific heat of combustion lower than that of fat. So, they assumed that 4,500 calories a day should be enough, when in fact they burned about 6,000 calories or more. Although they ate butter, they did not stock up on high-energy-density foods in sufficient quantities, but instead consumed a lot of protein foods. As a result, the amount of calories in the food they had was not enough.
Fat deposition as a way to store energy
Animals store fat and use it when they cannot get food. Fat metabolism produces water, which animals use when they do not have access to drinking water. Fat is also convenient because it has more energy per gram than other nutrients. Accordingly, the same amount of energy in fat is easier to tolerate as part of one's own body than other substances. Camels store fat in their hump, and as a result, as long as these reserves are sufficient, they always, even in the desert, have access to water and energy. The hump holds 15 to 20 kg of fat. Whales, seals, polar bears, and many other animals also have fat deposits for the same purposes.
Researchers believe that people create energy reserves in the body by “storing fat.” Some theories about how this mechanism came about suggest that this way of storing energy in the body evolved through evolution in order to provide access to energy even when there is nothing to eat. Some also believe that women have a higher percentage of body fat because they were unable to hunt or gather food during pregnancy and caring for small children, so they needed larger fat reserves than men. This was especially important if the men could not get enough food for themselves, women and children, and ate it themselves. Now this is no longer necessary, but evolutionary adaptations change slowly, which is why people still store fat. This is believed to be one of the reasons for the obesity epidemic in many developed countries, where there is an abundance of cheap and easily accessible food.
Energy used by microorganisms and plants
Most animals obtain energy from the organic substances described above, that is, from fats, proteins and carbohydrates. Microorganisms, on the contrary, obtain energy from inorganic substances, such as ammonia, hydrogen, sulfides and iron oxide. Plants use solar energy, converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis. Just like during metabolism in animals, the process of photosynthesis and the metabolism of microorganisms produces the substance ATP, which is directly used by plants and microorganisms as energy.
Which automakers usually indicate in their specifications often have nothing to do with actual fuel consumption. How can you find out how much your car really consumes? You can easily do this using fuel consumption calculators, of which there are many on the Internet. But how do such calculators work, and is it possible to calculate the fuel consumption of any car yourself? Certainly. It's very simple. We'll talk about this today. Also, as a bonus, we suggest you read our tips that will help you save fuel in your car.
If you want to know exactly, you can use fuel consumption calculators on the Internet (fortunately there are a lot of them today) or simply calculate fuel consumption using a simple formula yourself. First of all, you must fill your car's fuel tank completely. Next, you should reset the daily mileage on the dashboard. If you don't know how to do this, find instructions in your car's manual or search for information on the Internet.
As a rule, in many cars, the daily mileage reset button (not to be confused with the main mileage counter - the car's mileage, which cannot be reset) is located directly under the dashboard or right on it. In some cars, the daily mileage reset button is located on the steering column lever. There are also cars where, in order to reset the car’s daily mileage, you need to reset the daily odometer readings through the car settings menu.
So, after resetting the trip odometer, you should drive several hundred kilometers to find out exactly how much fuel your car actually consumes. By the way, you don’t need to burn a full tank of fuel to do this. To accurately calculate real fuel consumption, you need to drive 200-300 kilometers.
✔ Advice. Drive the car as you would in everyday life. For example, not only driving on the highway. This will not calculate your actual fuel consumption, since any car driving on expressways outside the city consumes much less fuel than in the city. Therefore, your fuel test route should include both city and highway driving. If you most often drive your car in the city, then on a test route, use the car 60-70 percent of the time in city traffic. In 30-40 percent of cases you can use the car on the highway.
After you've driven a few hundred kilometers, return to the gas station and fill the fuel tank completely again. In order to calculate the real fuel consumption (and not the one shown by your car's on-board computer, the values of which are far from reality), you must know how much fuel was consumed during your test drive and the number of kilometers on the daily odometer that you previously had to were reset. Here is the formula for calculation:
number of liters of fuel you filled: how far you drove x 100 = fuel consumption in l / 100 km
Here are two examples for this formula:
For example, let’s assume that, having filled a full tank of 50 liters, we drove 517 kilometers. Then, when the light on the dashboard came on, warning of low fuel level, we again arrived at the gas station to refuel. Taking into account the small amount of fuel remaining in the tank, we again refueled the car to a full tank. As a result, 48.7 liters of fuel entered the tank. Now, knowing how much fuel was consumed by the car (48.7 liters) and the mileage on the daily odometer (517 kilometers), previously reset to zero before starting measurements, we can use the above formula to calculate the real fuel consumption of our car.
Here is the final calculation using our example:
48.7 l: 517 km x 100 = 9.4 l / 100 km
In the second example, we will calculate the fuel consumption of a car for a short mileage. That is, during the run, not until the moment when the tank already runs out of fuel. Let's assume that you, having filled 50 liters of fuel (full tank) and reset the car's daily mileage, have driven 300 kilometers. Then we stopped at a gas station again and filled the car up to a full tank. As a result, 28.2 liters entered the tank. Now, knowing the mileage (300 kilometers) and the amount of fuel consumed for this mileage, using the above formula you can calculate the exact fuel consumption of your car. Here's the calculation:
28.2 l: 300 km x 100 = 9.4 l / 100 km
As you can see, with less mileage we got the same fuel consumption as with more. That's why to accurately measure your car's fuel consumption, you don't have to burn the entire tank of gas. To do this, it is enough to drive only a few hundred kilometers.
How is the cost of fuel per 1 kilometer of travel calculated?
If you know exactly how much your car consumes (by calculating the consumption using the formula above), you can easily calculate the cost of fuel per 1 kilometer of your journey. To do this, you must know the cost of 1 liter of gasoline or diesel fuel. Next, use the following formula:
Average fuel consumption x fuel price: 100 = cost per 1 kilometer
Let's stick to our example for a visual calculation using this formula: a car consumes an average of 9.4 l/100 km. With a fuel cost of 40 rubles per 1 liter, we obtain the following costs:
9.4 l / 100 km x 40 rub. / l: 100 = 3.76 rub. / km
For those who are wondering how much 100 kilometers will cost, in the above formula, remove the action of dividing by 100 (:100). As a result, multiplying the average fuel consumption by the cost of one liter of fuel, you will get the amount spent per 100 kilometers. Here is an example calculation:
9.4 l / 100 km x 40 rub. / l = 376 rub. / 100 km
How do gasoline or diesel fuel consumption calculators work?
If you don't have a calculator handy and you're not good at simple math or don't feel like doing everything in your head, you can also use a fuel calculator. On the Internet you will find many different calculators for calculating gasoline or diesel fuel consumption. To do this, enter the query “fuel consumption calculator” in the search bar of any search engine. In response to your request, you will receive a huge number of links to various online calculators that help calculate fuel consumption.
Most online online calculators will help you calculate not only the average fuel consumption, but also the cost of a trip over any distance. You can also calculate the cost of 1 kilometer of travel.
My car uses too much fuel - is it broken?
To understand how much your car actually consumes, you must compare your car's actual fuel consumption with the car manufacturer's specifications. Although usually the factory specification for fuel consumption has nothing in common with the actual car efficiency figures. However, according to the automaker, you can estimate how much fuel your car actually consumes. The fact is that on average, real fuel consumption is 20-30% more than what automakers state in the technical specifications for their cars.
So, when comparing the real average fuel consumption of your car (which you, for example, calculated using the above formula) with the official data of the automaker, take into account this 20-30% difference. If actual fuel consumption is 40-50% or more higher, then you should look for the reason for the overconsumption, which may be associated with both breakdowns and your incorrect driving style. It is also possible that the cause of the overconsumption was low-quality fuel.
However, if your car's fuel consumption suddenly increases despite the fact that you drive the car on the same roads and use the same driving style as before, then there is a high probability that there is a problem with the car. Here are the main reasons for increased fuel consumption associated with malfunctions:
- Problems with the engine control unit
- Clogged injectors, worn spark plugs and clogged
Damaged auxiliary devices such as air conditioning
Faulty bearings or brakes
But these are not all the reasons for increased fuel consumption. You can read more about this.
How to reduce fuel consumption?
If your car consumes too much fuel, it does not always mean there is a defect. Did you know that your fuel consumption can be seriously affected by your driving style? Here are the basic rules for an economical driving style:
1) Do not shift into a higher gear prematurely.
2) Try not to drive the car with the gas pedal full.
3) Try to coast more often and do not press the gas pedal constantly.
4) Brake the engine more often, including a lower gear. Before traffic lights, release the gas in advance so that the car coasts, gradually losing speed.
5) Drive on the highway as slowly as possible. At a speed of 160 km/h, a car needs two-thirds more fuel than at 100 km/h.
6) Turn off the engine more often. Even with a relatively short wait time (about 20 seconds), it makes sense to turn off the engine. Modern cars with a stop/start system (automatic engine shutdown) automatically turn off the engine when stopping and turn on the engine when starting to move.
Besides driving, there are many other factors that can affect your fuel consumption. These include:
- Roof rack:
Even without a load of 20 percent due to increased aerodynamic air resistance.
- Tire pressure:
Tire pressure that is too low has a negative impact on fuel consumption. The air pressure should be checked regularly at a gas station (or before driving at home) and compared with the data recommended by the car manufacturer (you can find the correct tire pressure in the vehicle owner's manual, on the central driver's door pillar or in the fuel tank cap). Special tires with optimized rolling resistance can further reduce consumption.
- Engine oil:
There are special ones (0W-30 or 5W-20) that can reduce internal friction and therefore also reduce fuel consumption, however these oils usually cost significantly more than conventional engine lubricants.
- Vehicle equipment:
Heating, air conditioning or heated seats make driving more comfortable, but increase fuel consumption. In particular, air conditioning can increase fuel consumption by several liters per 100 kilometers.