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Pros and cons of various types of transport used for cargo transportation. Advantages and disadvantages of various modes of transport What are the main advantages and disadvantages of air transport

Transport as a type of economic activity is divided into public and non-public transport.

Public transport satisfies the needs of all sectors of the economy and the population in the transportation of goods and passengers, moving various types of products between producers and consumers, providing public transport services to the population. Transportation of public transport includes transportation on a commercial basis for a fee of passengers (including citizens enjoying the right to free travel on public transport) or cargo.

Transportation carried out by a commercial organization is recognized as transportation by public transport if it follows from the law, other legal facts or a permit (license) issued to this organization that this organization is obliged to transport goods, passengers and luggage at the request of any citizen or legal entity.

Non-public transport (departmental), as a rule, transports cargo and passengers of its enterprise, association (association, concern, etc.)

There are many classifications of public transport, but we should focus on the more important ones for the industry under study.

Public transport is divided into the following types:

1. Railway transport- a type of transport in which the transportation of goods and passengers is carried out along rail tracks.

It is the leader in the transport system of Russia, it is the main and most efficient mode of transport for transporting bulk types of cargo over medium and long distances with a high concentration of freight flows, as well as for transporting passengers over medium distances and in suburban traffic.

Provides economical transportation of large cargo, while offering a number of additional services, thanks to which it has an almost monopoly position in the transport market. And only the rapid development of road transport in the 70-90s. XX century led to a reduction in its relative share in total transport income and total freight turnover.

The leading importance of railway transport is due to the following factors:

1) technical and economic advantage over most other modes of transport;

2) the coincidence of the direction and capacity of the main transport-economic interdistrict and interstate (within the CIS) connections of Russia with the configuration, throughput and carrying capacity of railways (as opposed to river and sea transport).

3) geographical features of our country: the length of railways in Russia (87 thousand km) is less than in the USA and Canada, but the work they do is greater than in other countries of the world.

The main task of Russian railways- to ensure reliable transport links between the European part of the country and its eastern regions.

Advantages of railway transport:

1) rail transport is the most economical mode of transport, in contrast to air and road transport;

2) has a relatively low cost of transportation (second only to pipeline and sea transport in terms of cost of transportation);

3) it is practically independent of climatic conditions, weather, time of year and day (the construction of railways takes place in almost any territory, it has the ability to rhythmically carry out transportation in all seasons, unlike river transport). Modern technology makes it possible to lay railways in any area, but the construction and operation of roads in the mountains is much more expensive than on the plains. About 70% of the country's railways have grades between 6 and 10%.

4) High maneuverability in the use of rolling stock (the ability to adjust the car fleet, change the direction of freight flows, etc.);

The efficiency of rail transport becomes even more obvious when you consider its advantages, such as:

5) high carrying capacity (mass distribution);

6) relatively high speed of mobile car flow;

7) the ability to effectively organize loading and unloading operations;

8) regularity of transportation.

Among the existing indicators, the following most accurately characterize the level of mobility of railway transport:

1) meeting the transportation needs of the national economy for a certain period of time,

2) compliance with cargo delivery deadlines, average downtime of a wagon under one cargo operation;

3) sectional and technical speed, sectional speed coefficient;

4) compliance with the schedule and timetable, implementation of the passenger transportation plan.

Disadvantages of railway transport:

1) congestion of the most important transport lines, because of this the average speed of movement on the railways is constantly decreasing;

2) limited number of carriers;

3) the construction of railways requires large capital investments and depends on topographic, climatic and environmental conditions;

4) in railway transport there is a high proportion of costs that have little dependence on the size of traffic (repair of buildings and other devices, maintenance of administrative and technical personnel), it accounts for about half of the total operating costs;

5) the production activities of railway transport have an impact on the environment of all climatic zones of our country, but compared to road transport, the adverse impact on the environment is significantly less. This is primarily due to the fact that railways are the most economical mode of transport in terms of energy consumption per unit of work.

6) railway transport is a large consumer of metal (1 km of main line requires 130-200 tons of metal, not counting rolling stock)

2. Automobile transport(buses, including fixed-route taxis).

The main reasons for the active use of vehicles in logistics systems are their inherent flexibility of delivery and high speed of intercity transportation. Road transport is distinguished from railways by relatively small investments in terminal equipment (loading and unloading facilities) and the use of public roads. However, in motor transport, the magnitude of variable costs (driver wages, costs of fuel, tires and repairs) per 1 km of travel is large, while fixed costs (overheads, depreciation of vehicles) are small. Therefore, unlike railway transport, it is best for transporting small quantities of goods over short distances. This determines the areas of use of vehicles - processing industry, trade, etc.

Despite certain problems in the motor transport industry (increasing costs for the replacement and maintenance of equipment, wages for drivers, loaders and repairmen), in the foreseeable future, road transport will retain a central position in meeting the transport needs of logistics.

The main interdistrict routes run parallel to the railways, which is natural, since all types of transport as part of the Unified Transport System of the Russian Federation perform common task- carry out transport and economic relations. Public transport carries out a large volume of passenger transportation (90% of passenger transportation by all mainline transport).

Advantages of road transport:

1) high ability to establish transport communications throughout the country, ensuring the necessary frequency of traffic and placement of roads in all its zones;

2) high speed of movement;

3) rationality of transportation over any distance;

4) high cross-country ability and great maneuverability;

5) the possibility of 24-hour service for passengers in any direction;

6) relatively high operational, technical and economic qualities, greater comfort and ease of travel;

7) low initial costs for developing new routes;

8) delivery of passengers and their luggage from the place of departure to the place of destination (the so-called “door to door”).

Disadvantages of road transport:

1) road transport is a relatively expensive type of land transport;

2) has lower labor productivity compared to other modes of transport;

3) the cost of transportation is significantly higher than that of rail and water transport;

4) motor transport is the main source of air pollution. The number of cars is certainly growing, especially in large cities, and at the same time the gross emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere are growing.

Road transport cannot compete with, for example, railway transport in mass inter-district transportation, primarily due to:

5) high specific energy intensity of transport;

6) lack of a modern high-tech road network.

An intermediate position in terms of service level between the transportation of passengers by routed modes of urban transport and taxis is occupied by minibuses. Traditional forms of serving passengers with mass types of ground urban public transport do not fully satisfy the increased needs of the population.

Transportation of passengers by minibus taxis in cities is organized in directions that are not served by other types of passenger transport, or in parallel along pre-considered and approved routes in buses of low or special low capacity. Passenger flows on such routes are, as a rule, insignificant for mass modes of transport, but stable over time and stable over the territory. Route taxis are also used in cities to replace route buses during periods of on-duty traffic.

Features of route taxi transportation is that this is not an independent, but an auxiliary form of service, intended, on the one hand, to relieve mass passenger transport, and on the other hand, to improve the quality of transport services.

Advantages of route taxi transportation:

1) a rational combination of the conveniences of a taxi with the environmental friendliness of transportation in a bus service;

2) simultaneous servicing of the required group of people makes the trip more comfortable and allows one to partially take into account the individual requirements of passengers;

3) partially compensates for the unprofitability of city buses;

4) reduces travel in cars of individual owners;

5) routes cover all main areas of the city;

6) boarding and disembarking on demand;

7) inter-route maneuvering of rolling stock during working hours.

Transportation of goods today can be carried out by air and sea, rivers and land. Each type of transport has its pros and cons, and its choice depends on the quality of the cargo and the timing of its delivery. Also, freight prices have a great influence on the choice of transport.

If cargo needs to be transported and needs to be transported to another continent, then sea transport is used. Maritime transportation develops and strengthens economic ties between countries. Modern sea vessels have large capacity and are capable of transporting very heavy loads. One ship can simultaneously deliver many cargoes with different physical and chemical characteristics (liquid, bulk, large, equipment, various fuels, etc.). One of the advantages of this type of transportation is its low cost compared to the distance. The disadvantages include strong dependence on weather conditions and low delivery speed. In addition, during sea transportation it is impossible to do without using other modes of transport (train or car). Also, the cargo must be carefully packed and properly placed on the ship.

When it is necessary to quickly deliver goods to the most inaccessible areas of the world, air transport is used. Air transportation is a safe mode of transportation, ideal for express delivery of urgent, valuable or perishable goods. If we talk about the negative aspects, transportation by air is highly dependent on weather conditions, and also has a fairly high cost.

Transport by rail is the regular and inexpensive transportation of large volumes of cargo. Rail transportation can be carried out all year round with a high degree of cargo safety. However, this type of transportation also has its drawbacks. One of them is a large number of overloads and low speed. The latter is explained by the fact that freight trains must pass passenger trains, as a result of which they have frequent and long stops. Also, to some places there are no direct flights by rail, so transportation becomes multimodal.

If the cargo needs to be transported over a short distance, then in this case the best option is road transport, which has good maneuverability and is able to deliver the cargo to its destination in a short period of time. Modern cars have different load capacities, allowing them to transport different types of cargo. At the same time, packaging for road transportation is not subject to such stringent requirements as for other types of transportation. Most modern cars are equipped with a navigation system and a walkie-talkie. Thus, the freight dispatcher is constantly in touch with the driver and controls the transportation process. The negative aspects of cargo transportation by road include the rather high cost and speed of unloading in case of theft of goods.

Transport is a branch of material production that transports people and goods. Transport is a conductor of material flow in logistics systems.

Types of transport, their advantages and disadvantages are given in table. 2

Advantages and disadvantages of using different modes of transport

table 2

Kind of transport

Advantages

Flaws

Railway

    the ability to transport large quantities of cargo;

    high carrying and throughput capacity;

    regularity of transportation

    low cost of transportation

    low speed;

    insufficient efficiency of work;

    geographical limitations of transportation;

    high percentage of losses (theft, damage);

    possibility of long downtimes;

    the need for a developed service infrastructure;

    low flexibility of the supply chain

Automotive

    operational type of transportation;

    greater maneuverability and mobility;

    high geographical coverage;

    forwarding possibility

    average cost of transportation;

    limited transportation volumes;

    dependence on climatic conditions;

    dependence on the position on the roads and their condition

Water (sea, river)

    transportation of large quantities;

    low cost;

    unlimited bandwidth;

    widely used in international trade

    low speed;

    seasonality of work (river);

    climate dependence

Pipeline

    large volumes of transportation;

    long distances

    limited types of cargo;

    lack of supply chain flexibility

Air

    high speed of transportation;

    short route;

    possibility of emergency transportation;

    high flexibility and adaptability of the logistics chain;

    high geographical coverage

    limited volumes of transportation;

    high cost;

    high dependence on climatic conditions

The choice of vehicles is influenced by the following indicators:

    nature of the cargo (weight, volume, consistency);

    number and frequency of shipments;

    climatic characteristics;

    the distance over which the cargo is transported;

    location of the final destination of the cargo relative to logistics transport channels;

    risks associated with transportation (failure to deliver on time, cargo safety, etc.)

Basic concepts and management aspects of transport logistics

Transport logistics - a functional subsystem of integrated logistics that solves issues of organizing and managing transportation.

Transportation– the process of moving a material flow in space.

The following characteristics are used to describe transportation:

    speed of cargo movement;

    load capacity;

    reliability;

    frequency of transportation;

    accessibility of vehicles.

The main goal of transport logistics– deliver the right product of the right quality and quantity to the right buyer, at the right time, at minimal cost.

Transport logistics functions:

1. at the macro level:

1.1. movement of goods;

1.2. cargo storage. It is carried out through the conscious choice of a slower method of moving goods with a limited area of ​​warehouse space, as well as through direct short-term storage of goods in transport in order to eliminate loading and unloading operations.

2. at the micro level:

2.1. development of transport logistics channels within the given conditions and taking into account other logistics costs;

2.2. research and analysis of the transport services market(in case of a third party carrier);

2.3. carrier selection and negotiations on the value of tariff rates for transportation within the given conditions based on the calculated optimal values, taking into account other logistics costs (in the case of a third-party carrier);

2.4. scheduling releasing rolling stock onto the line or agreeing on transportation conditions (in the case of a third-party carrier);

2.5. tracking and forwarding cargo delivery;

2.6. audit of transport operations and claims work.

Tasks of transport logistics:

    determination of the type of transport;

    determining the type of vehicle;

    choosing a transport service provider;

    joint planning of transport and warehouse processes;

    coordination of transport and loading works;

    determination of optimal cargo delivery routes;

    determination of the total costs of transporting goods.

Organizational principles of transportation:

1. savings due to the scale of cargo transportation. Achieved by reducing transport costs per unit of cargo due to its enlargement. The larger the shipment, the lower the cost per unit of cargo. This is especially true for rail and water transport. This effect occurs when the constant component of the cost of transportation is distributed over the entire cargo;

2. savings due to route duration. Achieved by reducing the cost of transporting cargo per unit distance. The reasons are similar to the previous case.

Automobile transport participates in the transportation of goods over a relatively short distance (within 200-300 km), the main advantage of this type of transport is good maneuverability, which allows cargo to be delivered “door to door”. This type of transport allows us to ensure regular deliveries, as well as deliveries in small quantities. There are less stringent packaging requirements here. It is necessary to note the speed of delivery of goods and passengers; in terms of its speed characteristics, it is second only to air.

The main disadvantages are:

1) high cost of transportation;

2) the likelihood of cargo theft and theft of the vehicle itself;

3) low load capacity;

4) poor condition of roads and their short length;

5) expensive maintenance, high cost of material and technical resources;

6) motor transport is environmentally unfavorable, which reduces the possibility of its use.

Railway transport well suited for transporting various consignments in any weather. The organization of transportation by this type of transport is regular and carried out over long distances. The key advantage is the relatively low cost and the availability of discounts. Another positive aspect is the possibility of laying railway lines in almost any territory of the country and the high transport and throughput capacity of railways. Rail transport is characterized by relatively high economic indicators and fairly advanced transportation technology.

For an objective assessment, it is necessary to list the shortcomings, these include:: limited number of carriers, impossibility of delivery in the absence of railway tracks.

The use of railway transport is beneficial when transporting goods (coal, mineral fertilizers, metals, etc.) over long and medium distances, between enterprises that have railway tracks. In some cases, the use of rail transport is beneficial even with insignificant cargo turnover.

Sea transport plays an important role in the development and strengthening of economic ties with foreign countries; it is the largest carrier in international transport. Compared to other types of transport, maritime transport has a number of positive differences in providing mass intercontinental transport.

This transport is characterized by: low cost of transportation, unlimited capacity.

The disadvantages of sea transport include:

1) dependence on natural and navigation conditions;

2) the need to build a complex port facility;


3) low speed and strict packaging requirements.

Maritime transport is associated with overseas transportation and delivery of goods for import and export to countries with trade links.

Inland water transport is characterized by low freight tariffs and is an important link in the overall transport system in areas where there are rivers.

River transport is distinguished by large carrying capacity, low cost of transportation, and low capital investments.

The disadvantages are the limited use of rolling stock due to the seasonality of work, lengthening of cargo routes, and low transportation speeds. River transport is effective in areas where there are no other modes of transport.

Air Transport. The main advantage is speed. Air transport is also distinguished by the ability to reach remote areas and high safety of cargo.

Air transport is mainly engaged in passenger transportation; freight transportation carried out by it, in comparison with the volume of transportation carried out by other modes of transport, is light in weight.

Air transport is engaged in the delivery of goods to industrial centers and the delivery of vegetables, fruits and other perishable products, as well as mail and other valuable cargo, to the northern regions.

The high cost of transportation is the main disadvantage of this type of transport. Disadvantages include dependence on weather conditions.

Pipeline transport. Pipelines are divided into oil pipelines, product pipelines and gas pipelines. This type of transport provides low cost with high throughput and a high degree of cargo safety. The disadvantage of pipeline transport is the small amount of goods to be transported. Pipeline transport is involved in pumping oil and gas from fields and moving oil distillation products.

Transport documentation

The main documents regulating the rules of transportation are the Charter of the Russian Railways, inland water transport, road transport, and the Merchant Shipping Code.

The charters and the Code define the duties and rights, as well as the responsibilities of transport organizations and citizens using transport. They regulate the relationships of transport organizations among themselves and with consumers of products.

When transporting goods, a contract is concluded in the form of an agreement under which the carrier undertakes to deliver the goods by his own means from the place of destination to the final destination within a specified time frame, and the sender undertakes to pay a set fee for transportation.

There are different contracts for different types of transport transportation.

Agreement for cargo transportation by rail is a consignment note issued by the sender of the goods. Road record- a document that accompanies the cargo along the route. Carriage sheet- a document drawn up for each loaded car.

In liner shipping, a contract is a bill of lading, which simultaneously serves as the carrier’s receipt of the cargo. There are bills of lading registered (drawn up for a specific recipient), order, present (valid upon presentation).

On overseas voyages, with a non-linear form of shipping, the contract is formalized as a charter. When transporting by sea, the primary document is loading order. In direct, water or mixed transport, a waybill is used instead of a loading order. Invoices are issued towing of rafts and other floating objects, air transportation.

A standard contract has been established for motor transport organizations. When the vehicle goes on a trip, the truck driver is issued a waybill, which is the main document for recording the work; it is issued, as a rule, for one day and is returned at the end of the work.

The consignment note is the basis for settlements between the customer and the motor transport company.

List of documents required for the transportation of goods: waybill, invoices, power of attorney for transportation, specification, supplier invoice, power of attorney for transportation, summary statements.

Routing of cargo flows

An important logistics method in determining the optimal route is total cost analysis. Develops the optimal route freight forwarder of the cargo owner upon receipt of an order for the provision of transport services for the transportation of cargo that is new to him or familiar to him in a new direction.

At the end of the preliminary assessment, several competitive options are identified, each of which is further analyzed to select the final optimal option.

Not only the price of cargo transportation is taken into account, but also transportation time, the possibility of unforeseen expenses, delays in transit and the likelihood of cargo damage.

After determining the optimal route option, the forwarder selects transportation participants and concludes the necessary contracts.

International road transport

International transportation of goods by road ensures economic ties between our country and the countries of Europe, the Middle East and Asia.

The structure of transportation is very diverse. They are divided into two main groups: transportation of foreign trade goods (machinery, machine tools, equipment, raw materials and resources) and transportation of non-trade goods (diplomatic cargo, movable property during relocation, exhibits, etc.).

International transportation, depending on the frequency of execution, can be regular or one-time. International transport is regulated agreements on international road transport between the governments of our country and the contracting country.

Transportation of goods is carried out on the basis permits issued for each flight and giving the right to travel there and back.

If the total weight of cargo and vehicles or their overall dimensions are not included in the norms established and in force in the territory of another country, and also if it is necessary to transport dangerous goods, then, in addition to regular permits, special ones are also required.

All vehicles and the drivers driving them are subject to customs control. Rolling stock carrying out international transportation must have national registration numbers and distinctive signs.

For international transport, heavy vehicles and van road trains are used. Movement is carried out through a through system. The car crew consists of two drivers.

Currently, the following types of transport are used for the transportation of goods, depending on the type of natural environment in which the movement process takes place: land (road, rail), water (sea, river), air (air transport), pipeline (depending on the location of the pipes may refer to any listed mode of transport).

The types of transport mechanisms used are divided into vehicles that move along with the cargo, and transport devices that do not themselves move in space, but provide spatial movement of the cargo.

There are many classifications of modes of transport depending on the chosen classification criterion. The most common classifications are the following.

Depending on the environment in which the transportation process takes place, the following types of transport are distinguished:

* water transport is a vehicle designed to move in an aquatic environment.

In turn, water transport is divided into:

Surface and underwater;

Sea and river;

* ground is a transport designed to move along the earth's surface.

This type of transport is divided depending on the vehicles used into:

Automotive;

Railway;

Pipeline;

* air is a transport designed to move in the air (above the ground, but in the earth’s atmosphere);

* space transport is a vehicle designed to move in space (above the earth, but outside the earth’s atmosphere).

Depending on the range of consumers of transport services, transport is divided into:

* mainline, or public transport, is transport that serves any market participants (the circle of consumers is not limited in any way);

* departmental (industrial, non-public use) is transport that serves the transportation of goods only for some part of the market participants or even only for an individual market participant.

Depending on the time of use, transport can be:

* year-round (all-season) - this is transport that provides transportation of goods to market participants all year round;

* seasonal (off-season) - this is transport that operates only a few months a year, as long as natural conditions allow. For example, in our country, water transport often does not function in the winter, as rivers and seas freeze.

Depending on the composition of the goods transported, transport is divided into:

* universal is a vehicle designed to transport potentially any type of cargo;

* special is a vehicle designed to transport only a certain type of cargo. Of these types of transport, this group mainly includes pipeline transport. However, in each type of transport there is always one or another specialization of vehicles according to the types of products transported. Transport specialization is an important way to reduce transport costs.

Depending on the form of ownership, transport can be:

* state-owned means transport that belongs to the state;

* private is transport that belongs to private individuals (organizations or the population).

Depending on what kind of transportation is served, transport differs:

* national (internal) is transport that services the transportation of goods within a given country;

* international (external) is transport that services the transportation of goods between countries.

A market participant, as a rule, needs to move his cargo safe and sound to the required location over a certain distance and over a period of time. Usually he can do this by using different modes of transport, and therefore he is always faced with the task of choosing one or another mode of transport by which he can deliver his cargo. This problem is solved taking into account the various characteristics that the movement of cargo by one or another type of transport has, and the criterion, ultimately, is minimizing transport costs and (or) maximizing the profit of a given market participant.

Each type of transport (in this context, freight) has a number of comparative advantages (relative advantages) and comparative disadvantages (relative disadvantages).

The comparative market essence of a mode of transport is best shown by the unity of its main advantage and the main disadvantage for transport:

* automobile - maneuverability versus cost;

* railway - scale versus lack of maneuverability;

* water - cheapness versus duration;

* air (air) - speed versus cost;

* pipeline - scale and low cost versus limited load capacity.

Each mode of transport is ultimately used by market participants when its advantages for a specific transportation of goods outweigh its relative disadvantages to a greater extent than is the case when using other modes of transport.

Since usually the transportation of cargo can be carried out by a variety of modes of transport, a market participant always has a choice regarding what type of transport and under what conditions it can carry out the process of transporting cargo.

The main feature of road transport is maneuverability. This type of transport has an undeniable advantage - it allows you to deliver cargo directly to the warehouse of the buyer of the product. All other types of transport can do this only if the consignee has a delivery point specially equipped for a certain type of transport, for example, its own seaport, railway junction, airport. Since in most cases the market participant does not have such delivery points, he has to use road transport to deliver the cargo from the point of unloading by rail, water, or air to his own receiving warehouse.

Features of railway transport: this type of transport is also a land mode of transport, and therefore, like road transport, it is capable of providing the necessary all-weather transportation and safety of cargo more than water or air transport, to the extent that this depends on the very environment of cargo transportation . Unlike road transport, rail transport is designed to transport large quantities of cargo (ore, coal, metal, etc.) over long distances. Hence the main distinguishing feature of railway transport is its scale.

Technically, this scale is ensured, first of all, by the fact that the vehicles used in railway transport (cars, etc.) allow the transportation of large loads (in weight, size). High carrying capacity is the most important technical advantage of railway transport compared to road transport.

Obviously, railway transport plays a big role in countries with large territories, such as our country, where long distances generally exist. In small countries, this type of transport usually takes a secondary place and is much inferior in use to road transport. However, in international transport its role increases significantly.

The ability to deliver large quantities of cargo over long distances means that the costs of transporting them by rail are significantly lower than by road. Therefore, the scale of rail transportation gives rise to the main market feature of this transport - relative cheapness.

Due to its technical features, rail transport does not have the same maneuverability as road transport, i.e. it cannot deliver cargo directly to its consumer.

Unlike road transport, railway transport is capital-intensive - all costs for the construction of railway tracks and stations in the form of depreciation charges are directly reflected in transport tariffs. However, the scale of transportation makes it possible to set these tariffs at a much lower level than in road transport.

Features of water (river, sea) transport: for a large country, especially such as Russia, water transport is usually identified with river transport and is predominantly an internal mode of transport, and sea transport is water transport that serves transportation by sea. In our country, sea transport is both an internal mode of water transport and an external one, serving international cargo transportation. For comparison, in many European countries the only type of water transport is river transport, which simultaneously serves both domestic and international transport of goods in such countries. The main market distinctive feature of water transport is its low cost. Water transport is the cheapest mode of transport compared to land or air transport.

The use of water transport is potentially possible if the shipper and consignee can be connected through water transport, i.e. if there is a river or sea routes connecting them. If both market participants are located on the same land area, the process of moving between them by water transport is usually impossible at all. Either only part of the distance the cargo is moved by water, and the other part by other means of transport;

Air transport has two main interrelated features that significantly distinguish it from other modes of transport:

* speed is the main advantage of air transport. With the help of aviation, cargo can be delivered in the shortest possible time to almost anywhere in the world;

* off-road - aviation (air) transport practically does not need any roads on the surface of the earth. He has a need for “roads” only in the form of the existence of airfields. If the off-road nature of water transport stems from the fact that its “roads” have already been created by nature itself, then the off-road nature of air transport results from the fact that it does not need any roads at all - neither natural nor artificial, that is, created by the labor of man himself.

Despite the fact that air traffic does not require specially built roads for it, as is the case in land (road and rail) transport, high speed of movement in the air is still achieved due to the huge consumption of energy (fuel) per unit of cargo , which leads to a sharp increase in the cost of transporting a unit of cargo per unit of distance. As a result, air transport is the most expensive mode of freight transport.

Features of pipeline transport: this type of transport is a specific type, which is based on the fact that the cargo itself is directly moved, and not its transport carrier. The corresponding physical process, usually created by pressure, moves the load in a special way, but at the same time this transport mechanism itself does not move spatially, but remains in the same place. Typically, this type of transport devices includes, for example, belt conveyors, which are widely used in product manufacturing processes or in warehouse activities where the product moves over very limited distances. However, there is one type of transport as a transport device, used not only within some production processes, but also for the purpose of delivering cargo to the consumer over long distances. This is pipeline transport. Pipeline transport is a device for moving certain types of cargo (liquids, gases, etc.), consisting of pipes through which these cargoes move under pressure created by appropriate equipment (pumps, etc.). We can say that pipeline transport is a transport device that is designed to move goods over very long distances, i.e., to deliver goods from the place of their production (extraction) to the places of their consumption.

The market essence of pipeline transport can be briefly represented by the following contrasting features: low cost and scale in exchange for the highest degree of cargo specialization.