Volkswagen 

Auxiliary equipment for tractors and cars. Purpose of vehicle auxiliary equipment. Tractor hydraulic linkage system

1. Working equipment, including:

1.1 The linkage mechanism and coupling devices of tractors and cars.

1.2 Bodies for transporting goods. Dump truck body.

1.3 Power take-off system.

2. Hydraulic control system for the linkage mechanism.

3. Accessories:

3.1. Ergonomic requirements.

3.2. Systems for providing comfortable conditions.

Working equipment serves to expand the operational and technical properties of tractors when performing various works in conjunction with agricultural machines and implements. Working equipment includes:

· hitch mechanism and coupling devices;

· bodies for transportation of goods and dumping device;

· power take-off system.

Tractor linkage mechanism Suitable for connecting mounted agricultural machines and implements to the tractor, which are less metal-intensive and more maneuverable compared to trailed ones.

a and b – three-point and two-point fastening schemes, respectively

linkage mechanism: 1 – lower links; 2 – upper central link;

3 – brace; 4 – hydraulic cylinder; 5 – rotary lever;

6 – lifting lever; 7 – rotary shaft;

A, B, C – points of attachment of rods to the tractor; D, E, F – connection points

with mounted machine (connecting triangle)

Figure 16 – Kinematic diagrams of the linkage mechanism

The linkage mechanism is made of three levers (Fig. 16): two lower links 1 and an upper central link 2. The links are hinged to the tractor frame at points A, B and C.

Agricultural machines are also hinged at the other ends of the rods at points D, E and F. The result is rigid connecting triangle. This connection is called a three-point mounting scheme for the hinge mechanism (Fig. 16, a). It allows the machine to move relative to the tractor frame only in the vertical direction.

If you bring together points A and C connecting the lower links to the tractor (Fig. 16, b), the result is a two-point attachment scheme. It allows you to move the machine not only in the vertical direction, but also gives some freedom of movement in the horizontal plane - by 10...20 degrees.

In Fig. Figure 17 shows the design of the linkage mechanism for wheeled tractors, which includes:

· two lifting levers 5;

· upper central link 8 and two lower links 4 with extensions 10;

· two vertical braces 3 and 9.

Moreover, the right brace 9 in the lower part has a slot into which the connecting pin is inserted when working with wide-cut implements, which ensures better copying of the terrain by the implement. In addition, the length of the right brace, consisting of two telescopic pipes, can be adjusted. The length of the left brace is set to a constant length of 515 mm.


Principle of operation : when using the linkage mechanism, the hydraulic cylinder rod (not shown in the figure) through the rotary lever 7 exerts a force on the upper central link 8 and the entire linkage system, due to which the mounted implement occupies the corresponding spatial position.

If the linkage mechanism is not used, then the central rod is secured in the clamp.

In accordance with the scope of application as part of the MTA, the tractor must be equipped with working equipment that allows it to most successfully perform its functions.

The working equipment of the tractor includes:

  • - hydraulic suspension system;
  • - towing devices;
  • - power take-off shafts and drive pulleys.

Working equipment may include winches, hydraulic manipulators, skidding shields, buckets (tractor loaders), hydraulic outlets, electrical outlets, pneumatic outlets, etc.

Tractor hydraulic linkage system

Types of aggregation.

MTA is formed when various agricultural or industrial equipment is connected to a tractor. The formation of MTA is called “aggregation” and can be carried out in different ways.

Trailed aggregation is the oldest method. The connection between the tractor and the trailed machine is carried out at one point, conventionally called the “hook”. The trailed MTA has large dimensions, poor maneuverability and other negative properties.

Mounted aggregation - allows you to form a compact, highly maneuverable MTA, consisting of a working machine and a tractor equipped with additional mechanisms allowing:

  • - control the entire MTA from the tractor driver’s workplace;
  • - drive the working parts of the machine mounted on the tractor through a special drive;
  • - easy transfer of the MTA from the transport position to the working position and back;
  • - add additional load to the drive wheels of the tractor, improving their traction properties;
  • - ensure ease and simplicity of connection with a tractor of various equipment.

To connect agricultural or industrial machines to a tractor, a hydraulic mounted system (hydraulic mounted system) is used, allowing the tractor driver to control the connected machine from the workplace. Depending on the method of aggregation, MTAs can be trailed, mounted, semi-mounted and combined. In the latter case, several machines are connected to the tractor in different ways.

The advantages of mounted machines are manifested in the fact that they can increase MTA productivity by 5...30% and reduce fuel consumption by 10...15% compared to similar trailed machines.

All modern wheeled and tracked agricultural tractors and most industrial tractors are adapted to work not only with trailed, but also with mounted equipment. Unlike mounted equipment, trailed equipment is located only behind the tractor and always moves in traction mode. Attached equipment can be located on the tractor in various places and move in both traction and pushed modes.

The following options for mounting (location) on the tractor differ.

Rear linkage - the machine is mounted on the tractor so that it is located at the rear outside the tractor base. This type of hitch is used on agricultural tractors for aggregation with most tillage machines for continuous tillage, with sowing, planting, some harvesting machines, with rippers for industrial tractors and in many other cases.

Front linkage - the machine is located in front of the tractor - is carried out using a universal front linkage of the tractor, or a special linkage attached to the mounted machine.

A side hitch is carried out when the machine is located on the side of the tractor (if there is only one machine, then usually on the right side, since this area is especially clearly visible to the tractor driver) and is connected to the tractor through a special mechanism attached to the agricultural machine. In agriculture, the side hitch is used for hanging single-bar mowers and some other equipment.

The sectional (echelon) linkage is a combination of several mounting options: front and side; back and side; front and rear. It is used when working with wide-width machines (cultivators, seeders, haymowers, etc.), when it is impossible to arrange them in one mounting option.

The hydraulic attachment system consists of a lifting and attachment device (hitch mechanism) and a hydraulic system.

Lifting and attachment devices - linkage mechanisms are used to connect various mounted agricultural or industrial machines to the tractor.

A universal lifting and attachment device is an accessory of the tractor and allows you to attach a large number of different machines and implements to the tractor. For this purpose, these devices are standardized and divided into four categories according to the category of the tractor and the power transmitted through the PTO.

Connecting a mounted machine or implement to a tractor via a universal three-point hitch mechanism is quite simple and quick. However, to fix the ball joints of the connecting triangle of the linkage mechanism with the machine (implement) frame, manual operations must be used. This drawback is absent in the linkage mechanism with automatic coupling.

Rear universal three-point linkage mechanisms are used for all tractors of traction classes 0.6; 0.9; 1.4; 2, and the linkage mechanisms are three-point with the possibility of reconfiguring them to two-point - for tractors of traction class 3; 4; 5; 6; 8. In this case, the lower links are connected to the tractor not at two points apart, but at one common point (in the middle), or at two as close as possible. With this setup, the kinematics of the relative movement of the tractor and machine in the mounted version is identical to the kinematics in the trailed version.

Two-point adjustment is usually used when aggregating tracked tractors with plows, which allows such a unit to make a curved movement with buried working bodies without breakage or damage, and three-point adjustment is used when aggregating a tractor with wide-cut machines or implements, since it ensures their stable movement relative to the tractor in a horizontal position. plane.

To improve performance, some tractors are equipped not only with a rear, but also with a front universal hitch mechanism. Most often, these are universal row-crop tractors, which, with this configuration, will be able to perform row-crop work with a combination of operations: one operation is performed by a machine (implement) in the front linkage, and the second by another machine in the rear linkage.

Some of the implements cannot be coupled with a tractor through universal lifting and attachment devices and require other means of attachment. In this case, special mounting methods are used, depending on the design of the machine and the availability of appropriate mounting points on the tractor. One of these places is the tractor under-engine frame, on which a number of mounting holes are made for this purpose. A special mechanism for attaching a machine-implement is an accessory to this machine-implement, and allows it to be mounted only on a certain model of tractor. This type of hanging is called individual.


Goal of the work: study the purpose, principle of operation and components of working and auxiliary equipment of tractors and cars.

Equipment: working auxiliary equipment as part of units, in a disassembled state, posters.

Work order

1 Study the design and operating principle of tractor working equipment.

2 Study the design and principle of operation of working equipment for cars.

3 Study the auxiliary equipment of tractors and cars.

4 Familiarize yourself with the maintenance of the tractor linkage mechanism.

5 Answer test questions and write a report on the work done.

Tractors as mobile energy means of agricultural production are designed to transmit rotational and translational motion and hydraulic flow to aggregated machines. The transfer of these forms of movement determines the design of the power take-off mechanisms that form the basis of the working equipment.

To transmit rotational motion, tractors use power take-off shafts (PTO) with their drive mechanisms and drive pulleys. The forward movement is communicated through towing devices (tow hook, shackle with shackle), hitch mechanisms or tractor frame, and the hydraulic flow is transmitted through a hydraulic power take-off system (GPS).

The control of the linkage mechanisms of all tractors is provided by a separate-aggregate hydraulic system, which simultaneously performs the functions of the GPS (except for the MTZ-100 tractor). The control of the PTO drive mechanisms of the T-150 and K-701 tractors is also hydraulically equipped.

The purpose, design and principle of operation of hydraulic drives of power take-off mechanisms and hydraulic power take-off mechanisms of tractors are discussed in Chapter. 3.

Hitch mechanism. The method of connecting agricultural and other machines to a tractor depends on their design. Some machines are hung on a tractor, others are hitched to it, and others are rigidly attached to its frame.

The design of devices for hanging machines depends on the location of the machine relative to the tractor. If the machine is hung on the side or in front of the tractor, then on its frame there are seats with holes for fastening bolts or special brackets. On self-propelled chassis, vehicles are hung to the longitudinal pipes of the frame.

The rear linkage mechanism consists of two lower longitudinal rods 6 And 10 (Fig. 31, a) and the upper central adjustable rod 4 . The front ends of all the rods are pivotally connected to the frame of the tractor, and the rear ends are connected to the mounted machine. Lower links 6 And 10 braces 3 And 11 pivotally connected to lifting arms 2 And 12 , and through them - with a lifting shaft 1 .

Raises and lowers the mounted machine using a hydraulic cylinder 14 , the rod of which through the lever 13 connected to the lift shaft 1 .

By changing the length of the right brace 3, the position of the mounted machine in the horizontal plane is adjusted, and by changing the length of the upper central link 4 equalize the depth of travel of the front and rear working parts of the machine.

Depending on the design of the mounted agricultural machines and the technological operations performed, they are connected to the tractor using three- and two-point schemes.

Three-point hitch scheme (Fig. 31, A) are used when operating tractors with wide-cut machines (cultivators, seeders, etc.). To do this, the front ends of the lower longitudinal rods 6 And 10 they are mounted separately at points B and C, and the top one at point A. This mounting scheme ensures stable linear movement of the machine.

Rice. 33 Towing device:

1 - bracket; 2 – cap; 3 – hook nut; 4 – shock absorber; 5 – shock absorber body; 6 - lid; 7 – control handle axis;

8 – lower catcher; 9 – lock lever; 10 – hook;

11 – hook jaw clamp; 12 – visor; 13 – control handle;

14 – locking pin; 15 – stop of the clamp; 16 – spring;

17 – clamp spring; 18 – automatic coupling body;

19 – control handle spring; 20 - finger; 21 – finger check

The towing device is a towing hook 10 with rubber shock absorber 4 , lower catcher 8 , visor 12 and retainer 11 . The latch is controlled using a handle 13 .

To attach a trailer to a hook 10 turn the handle 13 back. In this case, the hook mouth is open, and the lower catcher 8 is located in a horizontal position. When the tractor moves in reverse, the trailer drawbar loop slides along the catcher and presses the latch 11 , moving it inside the body, and enters the mouth of the hook. In this case, the latch under the action of the spring 17 comes out of the case 18 and automatically locks the hook mouth. Lever 13 under the action of a spring 19 returns to its original position.

The hydraulic hook is used when operating tractors with single-axle trailers, manure spreaders and other machines that create not only longitudinal and lateral, but also normal loads. Compared to the previously discussed towing devices, the hydraulic hook is capable of withstanding a larger normal load.

PTO(PTO) is the driven (output) shaft of the power take-off mechanism (PTO) for rotational motion.

Depending on their location on the tractor, rear, side and front PTOs are distinguished. The rear PTO is usually located in the rear axle housing of the tractor, and the PTO is located together with the transmission mechanisms. The side PTO is placed in a special housing mounted on the gearbox housing.

There are PTOs with constant and variable speed. The working bodies of harvesting, soil-cultivating and some other machines must have a constant rotation speed, and machines such as seeders, planters, spreaders must have a rotation frequency that is proportional or synchronous to the forward speed of the tractor.

The following two values ​​of the nominal PTO rotation speed are established: 540 and 1000 rpm at the nominal diesel crankshaft speed.

According to the method of drive, PTOs and their PTOs are divided into dependent, independent, semi-independent, synchronous and combined.

Dependent PTO (Fig. 34, A) is characterized by the fact that its PTO stops rotating when the main clutch is disengaged. Turn the PTO on and off using the lever 1 using a gear coupling 3 with the clutch disengaged. With a dependent shaft, the acceleration of the unit and the working parts of the machine occurs simultaneously, which requires increased engine power and additional fuel consumption.

Semi-independent PTO (Fig. 34, b) rotates from the diesel crankshaft, regardless of whether the clutch is on or off. The PTO is turned on and off using a gear clutch 3 when the diesel engine is not running.

An independent PTO differs from a semi-independent one in that an additional friction clutch or planetary gearbox is installed to control the PTO when moving and stopping the tractor.

Synchronous PTO (Fig. 34, V) changes the PTO rotation speed when switching from one gear to another and rotates from the gear wheel of the driven shaft of the transmission or from one of the driven shafts of the transmission. The PTO of a synchronous PTO is usually dependent. Turn it on and off using a gear clutch 3 with the clutch disengaged.

Combined PTO (Fig. 34, G) consists of an independent and synchronous PTO. To engage the independent PTO lever 1 transferred to position II and gear coupling 3 connects to the drive shaft 7 gear wheels 2 . When moving the lever 1 to position I gear coupling 3 connects to the shaft 7 gear wheels 4 and includes a synchronous PTO.

All PTOs have splined output ends (shanks) with standard dimensions for connecting the universal joint drive of the working parts of the aggregated machines.

A tractor is an energy component of a machine-tractor unit, which is formed when various agricultural machines and implements are connected to it. The formation of MTA is called “aggregation” and is carried out in various ways.

The simplest is trailed aggregation. In this case, the connection between the tractor and the machine is carried out at one point, for example a hook. The disadvantages of this method of aggregation are: low maneuverability of the MTA, large dimensions, difficulty in transferring energy from the engine to the working parts of the machine.

Mounted aggregation has very significant advantages over trailed ones. First of all, this is good maneuverability, higher productivity, lower fuel consumption per unit of work performed, relatively low metal consumption of mounted machines; In addition, in some types of work the need for the presence of auxiliary workers is eliminated.

All mounted machines can be conditionally divided into two groups: fully mounted - machines, the entire weight of which in the transport position is transferred to the tractor, and semi-mounted - machines in which, in the transport position, only part of the weight is transferred to the tractor, and the rest is taken up by its own chassis.

With mounted aggregation, the agricultural machine is pivotally connected to the tractor and has the possibility of both vertical and horizontal movements. The agricultural implement is connected to the tractor via a hydraulic linkage system.

Various possible mounting options for mounted machines on the tractor (Fig. 14.1): rear, front, front, side, echelon, rank and combined.

Rice. 14.1. Options for placing mounted machines on the tractor: A- behind; b- rear right; V- rear left; G- between the front and rear axles (on a self-propelled chassis) in the middle; d- between the front and rear axles on the right; e- in front in the middle (frontal); and- front and middle (left and right); h - in the middle on the left and right and behind; And- front and middle right; To- front rear (when the tractor is moving in reverse)

At rear position the machine is mounted on the tractor so that it is located at the rear, outside the tractor base. This type of hitch is used on agricultural tractors for aggregation with most tillage machines for continuous tillage, with sowing, planting, and some harvesting machines. The rear location of the mounted machine is inconvenient for viewing, and when the unit turns, this machine shifts in the direction opposite to the MTA turn, which complicates the work of the tractor driver. With a rear position, by transferring the entire weight of the mounted machine to the tractor, the traction of its rear wheels with the soil is improved, but the disadvantage in this case is the deterioration of the stability and controllability of a wheeled tractor.

At front linkage the agricultural machine is placed between the front and rear axles of the tractor, which moves across the cultivated field. This type of weight is also called medium weight. This mounting option is only possible for tractors that have sufficient free space in the specified area. A feature of this hitch is the smallest deviation of the working parts of the machine from the required position during inaccurate driving of the MTA. This specificity is especially important when performing row-crop work (a set of plant care operations performed by the working parts of row-crop equipment moving between rows of plants), as it ensures minimal damage to plants. The advantages of the front linkage are also increased traction and traction properties of the tractor, improved longitudinal stability and controllability, compactness of the MTA and good maneuvering properties. If necessary, soil compaction along the wheel tracks is eliminated using special rippers installed behind the rear wheels.

Front linkage It is used in cases where such an arrangement of the machine is convenient from the point of view of the operation being performed (harvesting operations that free up space for the movement of the tractor chassis), or when it is necessary to perform several operations simultaneously, when several different machines are mounted on the tractor. The front hitch is also used on an agricultural tractor with a steep slope, since the specificity of its movement is that at the end of each working stroke there is no traditional turn (undesirable due to the danger of tipping over in conditions of limited maneuvering), i.e. the tractor stops and performs the next working stroke in a reverse motion. Machines are mounted on the tractor in a frontal and rear position, alternately working so that with each stroke the tractor tows the machine in traction mode.

The working parts of front-mounted machines are often invisible from behind the engine hood, although they are located in the direction of the tractor driver’s viewing sector (forward in the direction of travel of the MTA). Therefore, frontal aggregation (using a front hitch) requires such a layout of the engine part so that the engine hood has the maximum possible slope forward and downward.

At side mounted the machine is located on the side of the tractor (if there is only one machine, then usually on the right side, since this area is especially clearly visible to the tractor driver) and is connected to it through a special mechanism attached to the agricultural machine.

The lateral linkage is characterized by the fact that the resistance force of the working stroke created by the machine is located not in the plane of symmetry of the tractor, but on a certain shoulder, which creates a torque applied to the MTA and tends to turn it towards the location of the mounted machine. Therefore, they tend to use the side hitch with machines whose impact does not disrupt the stable straight-line movement of the MTA. In agriculture, the side hitch is used for hanging single-bar mowers and some other equipment.

Sectional (layered) linkage is a combination of several mounting options: front and side; back and side; front and rear. Typically, a sectional hitch is used when working with wide-width machines (cultivators, seeders, haymowers, etc.), when it is impossible to arrange them in one hitch option. The sectional hitch is also used when combining individual operations: loosening and fertilizing, applying fertilizers and sowing, etc. - using rear and front hitches, or front and front, or front and rear.

At line mounted machines in the form of separate sections are arranged in a row and hung on a hitch attached to the tractor at the rear. This method of hanging is used when completing wide-cutting units consisting of seeders, steam cultivators, harrows, etc. With a row hitch, the connection of machines with a hitch and the hitch with a tractor is convenient, but monitoring the operation of the machines is difficult.

As already indicated, the aggregation of various equipment with a tractor is carried out using a hydraulic linkage system, which consists of a lifting device (linkage mechanism) and a hydraulic system.

Auxiliary equipment includes a cabin, controls and controls, devices for creating a microclimate in the cabin and reducing vibration, noise, etc.

In order to improve the driver's working conditions, first of all, they reduce the effort on the controls through the use of hydraulic and pneumatic drives and spring servomechanisms. The force on the tractor controls should be no more than 30...ZONES.

To provide the necessary comfortable conditions for drivers, tractors and cars are equipped with sealed cabins. The cabins of modern tractors and cars are subject to a number of ergonomic requirements. All tractor and vehicle controls must be located in the cabin in the so-called ergonomic accessibility zones, i.e., they must be accessible to the driver while expending minimal energy.

An important characteristic of the cabin is visibility, so the cabin is equipped with front, rear and side panoramic windows with rubber seals. The side windows are made to open, for which the cabin doors are equipped with power windows. The front and rear windows can also be opened to improve visibility.

To ensure driver safety in the event of a collision, rollover, or road accident, the cab must be strong enough. Therefore, it is made all-metal, welded from a cold-rolled profile.

Driver performance is significantly affected by noise and vibration in the cabin. To reduce them, noise is used against absorbent pads between the outer and inner walls of the cabin, and mats on the floor. The cabins themselves are attached to the frame using rubber-metal, spring or hydraulic shock absorbers. The driver's seat is equipped with an anti-vibration device and can be adjusted according to the driver's weight, seat height and proximity to the controls (front and back).

The cabs of many modern trucks are located above the engines. For ease of access to the engine during its maintenance, they are made reclining and equipped with reliable locking devices that prevent spontaneous tipping of the cabin.

To protect the driver from environmental influences, the cabins are made with sealed doors and windows that provide slight excess air pressure. It is possible to use an air conditioning system. Excessive pressure is maintained by a fan, which is often combined with a heating system.

For driver safety, seat belts are installed, and for working in difficult weather conditions, windshield wipers, anti-icing and de-fogging devices are installed.

The microclimate in the cabin must meet the following requirements: the air temperature must be no lower than 14 and no higher than 28 ° C, and in the warm season no more than 2...3 "C higher than the ambient air temperature; the speed of air movement during ventilation - no more than 1.5 m/s; dust content in the air - no more than 2 mg/m", carbon monoxide - no more than 20 mg/m!.

The ventilation system can be natural (through the cabin windows) and forced (air supplied by a fan). Most tractors and cars use both ventilation systems. On cars, forced ventilation is combined with a cabin heating system in cold weather. For forced fresh ventilation of tractor cabins, a dust separator fan is used, installing it on the roof of the cabin. This fan consists of a housing, a cap, a pipe, a shield and an electric motor with an impeller.

To ensure normal temperature conditions in the summer, the cabins of some tractors are equipped with forced ventilation with an air cooler, usually of the water evaporation type. Such a ventilation unit supplies dust-free, humidified and cooled air into the cabin. In the cold season, tractor cabins are blown with air heated in the core of the radiator of the Liesel cooling system. Air enters the radiator core through an intake along a metal hose. Warm air is directed into the cabin first through pipes with slots to blow on the windshields, and then directly into the cabin.

AGREECULTURAL MACHINES. AGREECULTURAL EQUIPMENT. CLASSIFICATION AND MARKING

Agricultural machines are divided into groups depending on the level of work performed: soil cultivating; sowing and planting; for applying fertilizers; to protect plants from pests, diseases and weeds; for the preparation of feed; for harvesting grains, sugar beets, potatoes and other crops; for post-harvest grain processing; reclamation.

In each group, agricultural machines are classified according to several criteria: purpose,! the principle of operation (performance of work), the type of traction used, the method of aggregation with the tractor, the type of working element and other characteristics.

A According to their purpose, machines are divided into universal (general purpose for performing work in various conditions, when cultivating various crops) and special (for performing work in limited conditions and when cultivating one or a limited number of crops that are similar in their properties).

d] According to the principle of operation, agricultural machines are distinguished depending on the technological process when performing a particular job (for example, plows for moldboard and non-mouldboard

ry plowing, seeders for row, dotted and other sowing). J) Depending on the type of traction used, machines can be tractor-driven, self-propelled, horse-drawn, or with rope traction.

Vj According to the method of aggregation with a tractor, trailed, mounted and semi-mounted agricultural machines are distinguished.

In certain groups of machines, other classification characteristics can be used. For example, sprayers are divided depending on liquid flow, sprinklers - based on the irrigation radius of the sprinkler, pumping stations - based on water pressure, etc. The machines of each group, in turn, are divided into types. For example, among soil-cultivating machines there are machines for basic, surface and special processing; among harvesters - machines for harvesting grain, corn, sugar beets, etc.

For orientation in the variety of agricultural and reclamation machines, letter and digital indices are used in marking. Letter indices indicate the group, type of machine or working parts, method of connection to the tractor, modification, etc. Moreover, the letter indexing can contain several distinctive features at once (group or type, method of aggregation, type of working body). Digital indexing can indicate grip width, number of working elements, productivity, throughput, modification (serial model number).

CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL TILLAGE MACHINES

Depending on the method of tillage, there are distinguished tillage machines and implements for basic, surface and special tillage. Machines for basic tillage include general-purpose and moldless plows, flat-cut cultivators, for surface tillage - harrows, cultivators and rollers, special machines - shrub-swamp, planting, forestry, disk, garden plows, for rocky soils and cutters .

Based on the method of aggregation with a tractor, plows are divided into mounted, semi-mounted and trailed. Mounted plows are lighter than trailed plows, therefore, less energy-intensive and more productive, and do not require large turning strips. However, in terms of plowing quality, they are inferior to trailed and semi-mounted plows.

Trailed plows provide the best plowing quality, but are more energy-intensive and less productive. Semi-mounted plows share some of the disadvantages and advantages of mounted and trailed plows.

Depending on the number of bodies, plows can be one, two or multi-body.

Depending on the body design, plowshare, moldboardless, disc, subsoil, rotary and chisel plows are distinguished.

Depending on the technological process, plows are produced for dump plowing and smooth plowing. The latter provide plowing without fall-over and break-up furrows. Thanks to this, subsequent units can operate at higher speeds.

Harrows are divided into tooth harrows, disc harrows, mesh harrows, trail harrows, needle harrows, etc. Tooth harrows are of three types: heavy, medium and light, depending on the pressure per tooth. For heavy ones it is 20...30 N, for medium ones - 10...20, for light ones - 5...10 N. Disc harrows are divided into heavy (swamp) and light (field and garden).

There are disc and plowshare plows, and ring-spur, ring-toothed, smooth water-filled and harrow rollers.

Cultivators are divided into two types according to their intended purpose: for continuous (steam) and inter-row tillage (row crops).

General structure of plows. The plow consists of working, auxiliary organs and mechanisms. The working bodies of agricultural machines are those bodies that interact with the processed material and modify it, i.e., carry out the technological process. The working parts of the plow include the body, skimmer, knife and subsoiler.

The housing is designed to separate the soil layer, turn it around and crumble it. In moldless plows, the body ensures loosening of the soil without turning over the layer. The bodies are plowshare, cut-out, non-mouldboard, combined, disk, chisel. Ploughshares are divided into semi-spiral (for plowing virgin soils with formation rotation) and cultural (for incomplete formation rotation). Cut-out (deepening) bodies are used for plowing soils with a small fertile layer, disc bodies are used for plowing heavy waterlogged or overdried soils, combined bodies are used for plowing heavy and ordinary soils with simultaneous intensive loosening of the formation.

The body consists of a ploughshare 7, a blade 2, a stand 3 and a field board 4. The ploughshare is designed to separate the formation from the bottom of the furrow. Shares are trapezoidal, chisel-shaped, self-sharpening, with a retractable chisel. The dump serves for turnover and crumbling of the formation. The shape of the working surface of the blade determines the type of plow body (screw, semi-screw, cultivated, high-speed). .The field board holds the body and plow from lateral displacement, resting against the wall of the furrow. The working parts and the field board are attached to the stand.

The skimmer is designed to cut off the top layer and place it on the bottom of the furrow. On special-purpose plows, a skimmer is installed instead of a skimmer. The ploughshare and blade are attached to the skimmer stand.

Knife 3 cuts the layer in a vertical plane, providing better separation from the wall of the furrow, reducing the resistance of the plow and obtaining a flat wall and a clean bottom of the furrow. The knife is installed in front of the last plow body. On plows for plowing turfy soils, knives can be placed in front of each body. On general-purpose plows and some special ones, disc knives are used, and on special-purpose plows, handle or flat knives with a support skid are used.

Subsoiler 5, installed at the rear of the body, serves to loosen the bottom of the furrow without carrying soil to the surface of the field.

The auxiliary parts of the plow include the frame, hitch or trailer, and support wheel.

The plow mechanisms ensure its transfer from the working position to the transport position, changing the working depth and working width.

Tooth harrows are designed to loosen the top layer of soil, destroy soil crust and clods, level the field surface, plant seeds and fertilizers, and destroy weeds. The tooth harrow consists of 4 longitudinal and 3 transverse slats, at the intersection of which 5 teeth are installed. The teeth are square, oval, round, clawed, etc.

The heavy harrow BZTS1.0 is used for crushing clods of soil, loosening it and leveling it after plowing, as well as for spring harrowing plowed land to a depth of 100 mm.

The BZSS1.0 medium harrow is used for loosening and leveling the field surface, destroying weeds, planting seeds and fertilizers, harrowing seedlings of grain and industrial crops to a depth of up to 80 mm.

The light seed harrow ZBP0.6 is used for harrowing crops, destroying the surface crust, planting seeds and fertilizers, and leveling the field surface before sowing. Processing depth up to 60 mm.

The ShB2.5 trail harrow is designed for spring loosening and leveling the field surface before sowing. It consists of a knife 7 for cutting uneven surfaces, teeth 6 for loosening and loops 9 for leveling and creating a fine-lumpy soil structure. The direction of movement is chosen at an angle to the previous processing. The harrow is aggregated using a hitch.

The BSO4A mesh harrow is used for loosening the top layer of soil, destroying the soil crust during the period of emergence, harrowing ridge plantings of potatoes, sugar beets and other crops. In sugar beet crops, this harrow is also used for thinning seedlings. The articulated knife-shaped teeth of the harrow are installed in sections.

Disc harrows are used for post-plow loosening of soil, tillage of plowed land, row spacing in gardens, disking of waterlogged soils, tillage of meadows and pastures. The working body of a disc harrow is a spherical disk. Solid spherical discs are used on light harrows, and cut-out discs on heavy ones. The discs are installed on the frame with 3 batteries 2 in two rows at an angle to the direction of movement (angle of attack). The front batteries work in a heap, and the rear batteries work in a heap.

The mounted disc harrow BDN3 (field) consists of four batteries in which the number of discs can be changed, and has a working width of 3 or 2 m. With a working width of 3 m, the harrows install nine discs on three batteries and ten on one battery, and with a working width of 2m - six and seven discs, respectively. The BDT3 heavy disc harrow consists of four batteries of spherical cut-out discs mounted on a frame. Three batteries have seven disks each, and the fourth has eight. This harrow is used for cutting up layers of soil, chopping plant residues after harvesting coarse-stemmed crops (sunflower, corn), and destroying clods of earth after plowing dry soils.

RUNNERS

Tillers are designed for loosening the top layer of soil, crushing and embedding crop residues and weed seeds (in order to prevent their germination). There are disc and plowshare ploughs. Disc cultivators provide a processing depth of 40... 100 mm, and plowshares - 60... 120 mm.

The LDG5A hydraulic disk huller is used for hulling the soil after harvesting grain crops, caring for fallows, cutting layers and crushing blocks after plowing. Four batteries 9 with spherical disks and hydraulic mechanisms for lifting them are installed on the frame 6 of the hoe. The frame rests on wheels /i 7. Using adjustable rods 3, you can change the angle of attack of the batteries (from 13 to 35°) and, accordingly, the depth of processing. In addition, the depth of processing can be changed by rearranging the battery frames in the holes of the reducers.

The semi-mounted plow cultivator PPL1025 is designed for peeling stubble clogged with root shoots and rhizomatous weeds, as well as for plowing light soils with a small arable horizon to a depth of up to 180 mm. This plow consists of two jointly connected sections. The front section is equipped with a towing device and two running wheels 3, mounted on the cranked axis 4. When the plougher is operating, the right running wheel is located above the plowed surface of the field, and the left one serves as a support for the center of the frame. The front and rear sections rest during operation on a support wheel 8 equipped with screw mechanisms and a support wheel 6.

The plougher is mounted on tractors that develop a traction force of 30 kN, and without the rear section it can be mounted on class 1.4 tractors.

Rollers are designed to crush blocks and lumps, destroy the soil and ice crust on crops, compact the soil before and after sowing in order to improve seed-soil contact and increase the flow of moisture to the seeds. In addition, rollers ensure soil leveling.

The three-section ringed spur roller ZKKSH6 is used to destroy lumps, crusts, loosen the top and compact the subsurface layer of soil. Each section consists of two batteries located one behind the other. Cast iron discs with spurs and intermediate bushings are alternately installed on the battery axles. The rear battery disks are shifted by half a step relative to the front battery disks, which ensures self-cleaning of adhering soil. Ballast boxes are located on top. Ballast can be used to change the specific pressure of the roller on the soil (from 2.7 to 4.7 kN/m).

Rollers are used in the form of couplings or sections in a unit with a plow.

The KKN2.8 ring-toothed roller is designed to compact the subsurface layer to a depth of 70 mm and loosen the top layer to a depth of 40 mm. It consists of a set of wedge-shaped and serrated discs mounted loosely on one axis. The specific pressure of the roller is 2.5 kN/m, and the working width is 2.8 m.

The roller is aggregated with various tractors in the form of a hitch or together with beet seeders.

The KBN3 harrow-mounted roller is used to destroy soil lumps, soil and ice crust on winter crops and subsurface soil compaction before sowing. It consists of five sections, hingedly connected to each other and to a beam, which is hung on the tractor's attachment system. On the frame of each section there are two cylindrical drums, on the surface of which there are teeth along a helical line.

The water-filled smooth roller ZKVG1.4 is designed for surface soil compaction before and after sowing. The skating rink is three-section. Each section consists of a frame on which a hollow cylinder is installed, filled with water. By changing the amount of water in the cylinder, the specific pressure of the roller is changed from 2.Uts4> kN/m. The working width of one section is 1.4 m, the entire roller is 4 m.

CULTIVATORS

Cultivators are designed for loosening the field surface, destroying weeds, applying and incorporation of fertilizers, cutting irrigation furrows, and hilling plants.

Steam cultivators are used for cultivating the soil before sowing and caring for fallows, and row cultivators are used for cultivating row crops. Some row-crop cultivators are used for pre-sowing tillage.

According to the method of aggregation with a tractor, mounted and trailed cultivators are distinguished.

The KPS4A high-speed steam cultivator is designed for continuous steam treatment, pre-sowing soil loosening and weed cutting with simultaneous harrowing at speeds of up to 12 km/h.

It consists of a welded frame 4, supported by two support wheels 3, a hitch I with a tow hitch, a hydraulic cylinder for the mechanism for transferring the machine to the working and transport positions, 5 beams with paws 6 installed on them, a device for mounting harrows 7. The support wheels are equipped with screw mechanisms adjustment of processing depth.

The cultivator's arms are arranged in two rows with overlap between them. Modifications of the cultivator can be equipped with ripping arms on S-shaped spring or arc-shaped stands installed in three rows. The rows with tines are hingedly connected to the frame and are pressed to the soil by springs attached to the rods.

The cultivator is aggregated with tractors that develop traction force from 14 to 50 kN. With energy-rich tractors, several cultivators can be mounted simultaneously.

The KPZ9.7 cultivator is designed for pre-sowing tillage with loosening to a depth of 60...120 mm and leveling the surface, as well as for treating fallows. The machine consists of a central and side sections equipped with ripping arms on S-shaped stands installed in four rows, a leveling bar, bar rollers or tooth harrows. On heavy soils, tooth harrows are used, and on light soils, rollers are used. The sections rest on support wheels equipped with screw mechanisms for adjusting the processing depth.

For the purpose of transportation, the side sections of the cultivator are rotated relative to the central section using hydraulic cylinders, positioning them vertically.

TYPES OF FERTILIZERS (

Types of fertilizers: mineral and organic. Organomineral mixtures are also used. Mineral fertilizers are industrial fertilizers obtained from various natural minerals. They are used to feed plants or improve the physical and mechanical properties of the soil. According to their state of aggregation, these fertilizers are divided into solid (granules from 1 to 4 mm), dust-like and liquid.

Organic fertilizers are fertilizers of animal or natural origin, as well as green manure. According to their state, they are divided into solid and liquid.

Methods of applying fertilizers: basic, pre-sowing and fertilizing.

The main method is to apply fertilizers before the main tillage or during tillage before sowing. The bulk of mineral and almost all organic fertilizers are applied in this way. ?.

The pre-sowing method involves applying fertilizers simultaneously with sowing crop seeds. For this purpose, combined seeders and planters are used.

Feeding is the application of fertilizers to the root layer of soil during the growing season of plants. For this purpose, cultivators, plant feeders, fertilizer seeders and other machines are used.

Fertilizer application technologies: direct-flow, reloading and transshipment. Direct-flow technology involves loading fertilizers into technological machines (spreaders), transporting and distributing them across the field. This technology is characterized by the use of a minimum set of technical means and the implementation of a minimum of loading and unloading operations. This technology is economically feasible to use for transportation distances of up to 5 km.

Reloading technology provides for the separation of transport and technological functions. Fertilizers are loaded into high-speed (specialized) transport, delivered to the field and reloaded into technological machines that distribute them throughout the field.

A type of overload is two-phase technology. With two-phase technology, fertilizers are delivered by high-speed transport and laid out in heaps across the field, and then spread by spreaders. Used when applying organic fertilizers.

Reloading technology is economically profitable to use in fields located significantly far from the place where fertilizers are stored.

Transshipment technology is used mainly for the application of organic fertilizers. Fertilizers are transported to the edge of the field in advance and stored. Subsequently, they are loaded into technological machines and scattered across the field. The advantage is that, unlike reloading technology, transport and technological machines are not interconnected. Fertilizers are transported to the field if there is free transport, and applied within the established agrotechnical timeframes. However, the same fertilizer is loaded twice, which requires additional costs.

Depending on the type of fertilizer, method and technology of their application, one or another set of machines is chosen.

MACHINES FOR CROWD CARE

For inter-row cultivation of four-row crops of row crops sown with a row spacing of 70 cm, cultivators KUP2.8 are used, and with row spacings of 45 and 60 cm - KUN2.7. Along with inter-row cultivation, they are used for hilling, deep loosening, fertilizing, and harrowing. Cultivators consist of a frame with a hinged device, support wheels and working sections, which are equipped with the necessary set of working parts to perform any other operation.

Inter-row cultivation and hilling of double-row potato plantings are carried out using cultivators KON1.4 and KUN1.4, which are supplied with the necessary set of working parts.

To loosen row spacing and form ridges after planting potatoes, the GF3.4 milling ridge former is used.